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The quest for a theory linking all matter and all forces led physicists
deep into hyperspace, where they got horribly lost.Is there a Final Theory in physics?Los Alamos National laboratory
in New Mexico, the official clearing house for superstring papers.The aftershocks of the breakthrough have
spread to other disciplines, too.Phillip Griffiths, director of the Institute
for Advanced Study."I've been very privileged to witness this first
hand."University is already giving talks
with the title " The theory formerly known as strings"."Nature shows us only the tail of the lion.Proving or disproving its validity may take years
more.But it still marks an astonishing breakthrough.Einstein summed up the problem when he said: Nature shows
us only the tail of the lion.The lion is the ultimate theory that will unify them in one short
equation.The Standard Model may be one of the most successful theories in science,
but it is also one of the ugliest.Could superstrings complete the picture?In 1915, Einstein changed completely our notion of gravity by leaping
to the extra dimension of time.Universe is a symphony of vibrating
strings.So strings simply and elegantly unify the quantum theory of particles and
general relativity.But, of course, all this takes place in 10 dimensions.What has consumed physicists for the past ten years is the task of
cataloguing the different ways in which these six dimensions can compactify.As we have seen, the first frustrating problem with superstring
theory is that physicists do not understand where strings come from.This is an embarrassment of riches.Each competing theory looks
quite different from the others.Hearing it race by, they give chase
and desperately grab at it.The second man grabs the lion's ear.The acid test for any theory is that it must fit the data.No matter how original and elegant superstring theory is , it will stand
or fall on whether it describes the physical Universe.Either it is a Theory
of Everything, as its advocates hope , or it is a theory of nothing.In general, there are two types of solutions.In fact, in Maxwell's theory, the product e times g is a constant:
so small e corresponds to large g.But if g is greater than 1 then the total gets larger
and larger, and the approximation fails.This is where duality comes in.Duality in Maxwell's theory is rather trivial.If we compactify both theories in the same way, then
we obtain theories A' and B'.But there are many loose ends.Schwarz, the answer may be none of these.Standard Model from first principles?Townsend likened our present state of knowledge to the old quantum
era of the Bohr atom, just before the full elucidation of quantum mechanics."We have some fruitful pictures and some rules," he says.York and author of Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey through the 10th Dimension,
Oxford University Press.NARRATOR: Now, on NOVA, take a thrill ride into a world
stranger than science fiction, where you play the game by breaking some rules,
where a new view of the universe pushes you beyond the limits of your wildest
imagination.BRIAN GREENE (Columbia University): And no matter how many times
I come here, I never seem to get used to it.The solution is strings, tiny bits of energy vibrating like the
strings on a cello, a cosmic symphony at the heart of all reality.But it comes
at a price: parallel universes and 11 dimensions, most of which you've never
seen.BRIAN GREENE: We really may live in a universe with more dimensions than
meet the eye.University of Maryland): If string theory
fails to provide a testable prediction, then nobody should believe it.NARRATOR: Coming up tonight, the undeniable pull of strings.BRIAN GREENE:The atmosphere was electric.BRIAN GREENE: We're trapped on just a tiny slice of the higher
dimensional universe.ALAN GUTH (Massachusetts Institute of Technology): That's
actually a problem.NARRATOR: Watch the Elegant Universe right now.We see 400 employees in three years.Additional funding is provided by Volkswagen of America.Department of Energy,
fostering science and security.Major funding for NOVA is also provided by the Corporation for Public
Broadcasting, and viewers like you.The kinds of things that we'd be able to do would be amazing.Now, we all think that this kind of trip would be impossible.But in the last few years, our ideas about the true nature of space and
time have been going through some changes.It's all thanks to a revolution in physics called "string theory," which is
offering a whole new perspective on the inner workings of the universe.DAVID GROSS (University of California, Santa Barbara): String
theory is really the Wild West of physics.BRIAN GREENE: This radical new theory starts with a simple premise: that
everything in the universe, the Earth, these buildings, even forces like
gravity and electricity, are made up of incredibly tiny, vibrating strands of
energy called "strings."To see how, let's first shrink all of space to a more manageable size.Imagine
that the whole universe consisted of nothing more than my hometown, Manhattan.He said that space
wasn't static; it could warp and stretch.And there could even be unusual structures of space called "wormholes."Well, you can't answer these
questions on an empty stomach.But
there's a precise sense in which the shape of the doughnut and the coffee cup
are actually the same, just a little disguised.Okay, but suppose you want to change the shape of this doughnut into a very
different shape, a shape with no holes.Unfortunately, according to Einstein's laws, this is impossible.In other words, I can't take a wormhole to work.But now string theory is giving us a whole new perspective on space, and it's
showing us that Einstein wasn't always right.It's the world of light and electricity and everything else that
operates at the smallest of scales.Here, the fabric of space is random and
chaotic.Well, this is where the power of strings comes in.And
as a single string dances through space, it sweeps out a tube.Strings actually make it possible for space to rip.Which means that space is far more dynamic and changeable than even Albert
Einstein thought.So does that mean that wormholes are possible?Will I ever be
able to take a stroll on Everest, grab a baguette in Paris and still make it
back to New York in time for my morning meeting?But one thing that is certain is that string theory is already showing us that
the universe may be a lot stranger than any of us ever imagined.Well, string theory really
predicts it.BRIAN GREENE: What we think of as our universe could just be one small
part of something much bigger.BRIAN GREENE: There could be entire worlds right next to us, but
completely invisible.There are a lot of people doing it.BRIAN GREENE: But strings weren't always this popular.The pioneers of
string theory struggled for years, working alone on an idea that nobody else
believed in.Here's the gist of it: for decades, physicists believed that the
tiniest bits inside an atom were point particles.It either closes in to its little circle
or it has end points, but it's just a little string.It was
wonderful to see how rapidly the subject could develop now, because so many
people were working on it.Just as the strings on a cello can vibrate at different
frequencies, making all the individual musical notes, in the same way, the tiny
strings of string theory vibrate and dance in different patterns, creating all
the fundamental particles of nature.If this view is right, then put them all
together and we get the grand and beautiful symphony that is our universe.If
we could only master the rhythms of strings, then we'd stand a good chance of
explaining all the matter and all the forces of nature, from the tiniest
subatomic particles to the galaxies of outer space.MICHAEL DUFF (University of Michigan): Five different string
theories, each competing for the title of the Theory of Everything.BURT OVRUT: And if there's going to be a "The Fundamental Theory of
Nature," there ought to be one of them.AMANDA PEET: I suppose a number of string theorists thought, "Ah, that's
fantastic.And maybe one of these will end up being the right
theory of the world."BRIAN GREENE: With five competing players, the stage of string theory
was looking a little crowded.For
example, they all involved vibrating strings, but their mathematical details
appeared to be quite different.He's widely regarded as one of the world's
greatest living physicists, perhaps even Einstein's successor.GREEN: Ed Witten is a very special person in the field.JOSEPH POLCHINSKI: Ed announced that he had thought about it, and
moreover, he had solved it.He was going to tell us the solution to every
string theory in every dimension, which was an enormous claim, but coming from
Ed it was not so surprising.LEONARD SUSSKIND (Stanford University): Ed Witten gave his famous
lecture.From this point of view, we could
see that there weren't really five different theories.Like reflections in a
wall of mirrors, what we thought were five theories turned out to be just five
different ways of looking at the same thing.String theory was unified at
last.BURT OVRUT: I don't actually know what the M stands for.JOSEPH LYKKEN: It's the Mother theory.SHELDON LEE GLASHOW: I suspect that the "M" is an upside down "W" for
"Witten."Maybe I shouldn't have told you that one.JOSEPH LYKKEN: There was a lot of panic, if you like, realizing that big
things were happening, and all of us not wanting to get left behind in this new
revolution of string theory.BRIAN GREENE: After Witten's talk, there was renewed hope that this one
theory could be the theory to explain everything in the universe.GARY HOROWITZ: Well, we think these extra dimensions exist because they
come out of the equations of string theory.And that was a shock to everybody, but then we learned to
live with it.BURT OVRUT: We know that there would have to be 11 dimensions for this
theory to make sense.So there must be 11 dimensions.We only see three plus
one of them.Our brains evolved
sensing just the three spatial dimensions of everyday experience.One way is to go to the movies.MOVIE SCREEN BRIAN (on screen): But in the movies, things are a bit
different.I'd have to step out of the
screen.And sometimes moving into a higher dimension can be a useful thing to
do.They're sometimes called
"degrees of freedom."BRIAN GREENE: And if there really are 11 dimensions, then strings can do
a lot more, too.They actually looked like membranes or surfaces.People go on calling this
string theory, but the string theorists are not sure it really is a theory of
strings anymore.It's almost as if we were living inside...Our universe might
be like a slice of bread, just one slice, in a much larger loaf that physicists
sometimes call the "bulk."And if these ideas are right, the bulk may have other slices, other universes,
that are right next to ours, in effect, "parallel" universes.Not only would our universe be nothing special, but we could have a lot of
neighbors.Some even
say they might be right next to us, less than a millimeter away.BURT OVRUT: If you have a brane living in a higher dimensional space,
and your particles, your atoms, cannot get off the brane, it's like trying to
reach out, but you can't touch anything.It might as well be on the other end
of the universe.JOSEPH LYKKEN: It's a very powerful idea because if it's right it means
that our whole picture of the universe is clouded by the fact that we're
trapped on just a tiny slice of the higher dimensional universe.Today, it seems obvious that gravity is a powerful force.SHELDON LEE GLASHOW: It would seem to most people that gravity is a very
important force, it's very strong.It's very hard to get up in the morning,
stand up, and when things fall they break because gravity is strong.It's, it's really a very weak
force.And it's not just our muscles that put gravity to shame.Magnets can do it,
too, no sweat.That's the same force behind light and electricity.Gravity, in comparison, is amazingly weak.HAMED: One way of approaching the question of why gravity is
so weak compared to all the other forces, is to turn the question completely on
its head, and say, "No, actually gravity isn't very weak.BRIAN GREENE: It may be that gravity is actually just as strong as
electromagnetism, but for some reason, we can't feel its strength.SAVAS DIMOPOULOS: Consider a pool table, a very large pool table.But whenever the balls collide, there is something that always seeps off the
table, sound waves.That's why I can hear the collision.Now, the idea is that
gravity might be like the sound waves, it might not be confined to our
membrane.Instead of pool tables, let's go back to bread.Imagine that our universe is like this slice of toast.But what if gravity were different?But closed loops of string do exist, and one kind is responsible for gravity.With closed loops, there are no loose ends to tie down,
so gravitons are free to escape into the other dimensions, diluting the
strength of gravity and making it seem weaker than the other forces of
nature.If we do live on a membrane and there
are parallel universes on other membranes near us, we may never see them, but
perhaps we could one day feel them through gravity.BRIAN GREENE: So who knows?Maybe someday we'll develop the technology
and use gravity waves to actually communicate with other worlds.TRANSLATION: I told you never to call me during "The Simpsons!"DAVID GROSS: The formulas we use start giving answers that are
nonsensical.BRIAN GREENE: And on top of this, there's the bang itself.The classic form of the big bang
theory really says nothing about what banged, what happened before it banged,
or what caused it to bang.BRIAN GREENE: Refinements to the big bang theory do suggest explanations
for the Bang, but none of them turn the clock back completely to the moment
when everything started.Do I
really believe that the universe was a big bang out of nothing?BRIAN GREENE: Everyone admits there are problems.PAUL STEINHARDT: One of the ideas in string theory that was particularly
striking to me, and suggested perhaps a new direction for cosmology, is the
idea of branes and the idea of branes moving in extra dimensions.BRIAN GREENE: Some scientists have proposed that the answer to the Big
Bang riddle lies in the movements of these giant branes.BURT OVRUT: It's so simple.Here's a brane on which we live, and here's
another brane floating in the higher dimension.There's absolutely nothing
difficult about imagining that these collide with each other.BRIAN GREENE: According to this idea, some time before the big bang, two
branes carrying parallel universes began drifting toward each other,
until...BURT OVRUT: All of that energy has to go somewhere.It
goes into the big bang.BRIAN GREENE: It's an intriguing idea.DAVID GROSS: Well, that was a very ingenious scenario that arose
naturally within string theory.BRIAN GREENE: If string theory is the one true theory of the universe,
it will have to solve the riddle of the big bang.But for now, there's also a lot of
uncertainty.Is the world really made up of strings and
membranes, parallel universes and extra dimensions?MICHAEL DUFF: Well, the question we often ask ourselves as we work
through our equations is, "Is this just fancy mathematics, or is it describing
the real world?These exercises in our imagination of mathematics
are all, at the end of the day, subjected to a single question: "Is it there in
the laboratory?If you can't test it in the
way that we test normal theories, it's not science, it's philosophy, and that's
a real problem.BRIAN GREENE: Strings are thought to be so tiny, much smaller than an
atom, that there's probably no way to see them directly.But even if we never
see strings, we may someday see their fingerprints.But even here on earth there's a chance we can detect evidence of strings.Well, actually, the real work happens underground where the hunt is on for
evidence supporting string theory, including extra dimensions.Fermilab has a giant atom smasher.Here's how it works:
scientists zap hydrogen atoms with huge amounts of electricity.Later, they
strip them of their electrons and send the protons zooming around a four mile
circular tunnel beneath the prairie.Just as they're approaching the speed of
light, they are steered into collisions with particles whizzing in the opposite
direction.Most collisions are just glancing blows, but occasionally there's a direct
hit.The hope is that
among these particles will be a tiny unit of gravity, the graviton.You see it
by its absence.And the pressure is on, because another team is hot on the same
trail.JOSEPH LYKKEN: There's a great sense of urgency that every minute has to
count, but eventually, CERN, our rival laboratory, will frankly blow us out of
the water.BRIAN GREENE: CERN will blow Fermilab out of the water, not only in the
search for extra dimensions, but other wild ideas.At the top of the "to do" list for both labs is the hunt for something called
"supersymmetry," that's a central prediction of string theory.MARIA SPIROPULU: So, it's a big discovery to find supersymmetry.AMANDA PEET: If we were to hear tomorrow that supersymmetry was
discovered, there would be parties all over the planet.BRIAN GREENE: The problem is, if they exist, the sparticles of
supersymmetry are probably incredibly heavy, so heavy that they may not be
detected with today's atom smashers.The new facility at CERN will have the
best chance, once it's up and running in several years, but that won't stop the
folks at Fermilab from trying to find them first.It has always been like that,
and it will always be like that.BRIAN GREENE: If we do find sparticles, it won't prove string theory,
but it will be really strong circumstantial evidence that we're on the right
track.What if we never find any evidence that
supports this weird new universe filled with membranes and tiny vibrating
strings?MICHAEL DUFF: Oh yes, it's certainly a logical possibility that we've
all been wasting our time for the last twenty years and that the theory is
completely wrong.JOSEPH LYKKEN: There have been periods of many years where all of the
smart people, all of the cool people, were working on one kind of theory,
moving in one kind of direction, and even though they thought it was wonderful,
it turned out to be a dead end.This could happen to string theory.STEVEN WEINBERG: I don't think it's ever happened that a theory that has
the kind of mathematical appeal that string theory has turned out to be
entirely wrong.GARY HOROWITZ: I don't really know how close we are to the end.You
know, are we almost there in having the complete story?Is it going to still be
another ten years?JOSEPH LYKKEN: We have been incredibly lucky.How far can we
push that?We won't know until we, until we try.And quantum
mechanics unveiled the inner workings of atoms and molecules, revealing a world
that's bizarre and uncertain.As we embark on the 21st century, we're getting a glimpse of what
may be the next layer: vibrating strings, sparticles, parallel universes and
extra dimensions.But, regardless of the outcome, we'll keep going, because, well, that's what
we do.But undeniably, the ideas we call string
theory are a testament to the power of human creativity.On NOVA's Website, go behind the scenes with Brian Greene.Science: it's given us the framework to help make wireless communications
clear.Sprint is proud to support NOVA.At Microsoft, your potential inspires us to create
software that helps you reach it.Department of Energy,
fostering science and security.Senior Executive Producer
Paula S.They're trying to take the next big step by pure mathematical reasoning, and it's extraordinarily difficult.In turn, string vibration is defined by the space in which they are contained.But this created a problem.With ten dimensions, scientists could only explain string theory mathematically in five different ways; the theory of everything came in five different forms, or five different flavours, depending on how you did your sums, how you viewed the properties of your strings, and which fundamental particles you'd allow for in your mathematical treatment.That was until a brilliant scientist, Edward Witten, transformed string theory thinking, again.The revolution came in 1995.It's a little like looking at your reflection in a lift that has five mirrors.But in order to assimilate the five different mathematical versions of string theory, Witten had to introduce an 11th dimension.It turns out that this depends on how much energy the string has.This is a startling prospect since another brane is in fact another Universe.The laws of physics and the forces that act within any particular brane are considered to be a manifestation of the strings that are attached to that brane.Theoretically, all this is possible, even predicted, by the mathematics that's so far constructed.It's not obvious from our everyday experience that mathematics has anything to do with nature.It's like a game of Dungeons and Dragons.For the theoretical physicist, mathematics is like an extra sensory perception organ that we use to see the Universe.Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces, instrumental in the workings of our Universe.For example, gravity is a thousand billion, billion, billion, billion times weaker than the electromagnetic force responsible for holding atoms together.The weakness of gravity has perplexed scientists for decades.But the theory of strings may have an answer to this mystery.Why should gravity be so weak in comparison to the other forces in our Universe?Universe) the physical laws which govern the Universe you are visiting may be substantially different, just as different countries have different laws.The laws of any particular Universe are dictated by strings that are anchored to it.If such a theory is correct, gravity may be the only way we could communicate with other parallel Universes, since it is the only force that is common to all Universes and dimensions.The key to testing extra dimensions in experiments has to do with gravity.String theory, which has now become M theory, is providing a revolution in the way we perceive the cosmos.The theory of the Big Bang states that everything we can observe was born from an infinitesimally small point which rapidly expanded out from a huge explosion of energy.What caused this Big Bang, and what preceded it has never been satisfactorily explained.Big Bang occurring out of nothing is something most physicists can't stomach.It's hard to say whether the colliding branes scenario will turn out to be the one that we'll all be using 40 years from now to explain the origin of the Universe to our students.It's fair to say that before the advent of branes, we were pretty unsure about whether we could make string theory match onto the dominant theory at that time of how the Universe began, which is called inflation.What inflation explains is how the Universe got to be so big and so flat and so forth.And once the notion of branes came along, that gave us more ingredients in our stringy tool box, and it provides us with potential new ideas about explaining the origin of the Universe.But it's important to keep in mind that string theory with all its bizarre consequences, is based very much on thought rather than on experiment.In this sense, it's more like philosophy than physics and no one really knows if it's true or not.Having said that, it's no different to Einstein's revolutionary ideas almost 100 years ago, and his ideas were soon vindicated as scientific fact.Back then, special and general relativity were new and exciting scientific ways of thinking that pushed us into new worlds of understanding.String theory could well do the same, it certainly has some very clever and very ardent advocates.Ed Witten, originator of M theory, is the theoretical physicist believed to be Einstein's true successor.Just as the theory of neutron stars, black holes, gravity waves, and so many other things were tested because of things that nobody foresaw, there are just so many ways that nice surprises could happen that would lead to new advances in string theory.On one side sit inconceivably vast galaxies, on the other are impossibly small subatomic particles.This video has been added to your favorites.The video has been added to your playlist.Thank you for sharing your concerns.Content of this nature is not necessarily prohibited on YouTube, however we will review this video and take action as appropriate.Thank you for sharing your concerns.There may be significant legal penalties for false notices.Please refer to our Help Center for more information and the complete instructions.In order to process a privacy complaint we need more information from you.Change this to see only comments above a certain value.Change the value of a comment by clicking on a thumb.String Theory is really remarkable.There are quantum physicists working on the same problems but who keep their ideas of possibilities and their work seperate.Brian, as much as I like you, I think you should find whoever sold you that doughnut and sue him.Would you like to comment?The quest for the ''theory of everything'', epi...The quest for the ''theory of everything'', episode III, the concluding episode, Welcome to the 11th Dimension.After making your selection, copy and paste the embed code above.The 11 Dimensions of Re...Flight 77 + WTC
Just Released !The Elegant Universe: Welcome to the 11th dimension
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54 min 36 sec
String theory is radically changing our ideas about the nature of space, opening up the possibility that extra dimensions, rips in the fabric of space, and parallel universes actually exist.You can follow any responses to this entry through the
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Ventures.Strings
The Standard Model
In the standard model of particle physics, particles are considered to be points moving through space, tracing out a line called the World Line.To take into account the different interactions observed in Nature one has to provide particles with more degrees of freedom than only their position and velocity, such as mass, electric charge, color (which is the "charge" associated with the strong interaction) or spin.The standard model was designed within a framework known as Quantum Field Theory (QFT), which gives us the tools to build theories consistent both with quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity.With these tools, theories were built which describe with great success three of the four known interactions in Nature: Electromagnetism, and the Strong and Weak nuclear forces.Furthermore, a very successful unification between Electromagnetism and the Weak force was achieved (Electroweak Theory), and promising ideas put forward to try to include the Strong force.But unfortunately the fourth interaction, gravity, beautifully described by Einstein's General Relativity (GR), does not seem to fit into this scheme.As the string moves through time it traces out a tube or a sheet, according to whether it is closed or open.Furthermore, the string is free to vibrate, and different vibrational modes of the string represent the different particle types, since different modes are seen as different masses or spins.There is even a mode describing the
graviton, the particle carrying the force of gravity, which is an
important reason why String Theory has received so much attention.The
point is that we can make sense of the interaction of two gravitons in
String theory in a way we could not in QFT.And gravity is not something we put in by hand.It has to be
there in a theory of strings.So, the first great achievement of
String Theory was to give a consistent theory of quantum gravity,
which resembles GR at macroscopic distances.Moreover String Theory
also possesses the necessary degrees of freedom to describe the other
interactions!The latter
make up the matter we are made of, like the electron or the quark.The original String Theory only described particles that were bosons,
hence Bosonic String Theory.It did not describe Fermions.By introducing Supersymmetry to Bosonic String Theory,
we can obtain a new theory that describes both the forces and the
matter which make up the Universe.There are three different superstring theories
which make sense, i.In two
of them the fundamental object is a closed string, while in the third,
open strings are the building blocks.However, this abundance of theories of strings was a puzzle: If we are searching for the theory of everything, to have five of them is an embarrassment of riches!The principle that compact dimensions may
lead to unifying theories is not new, but dates from the 1920's, since
the theory of Kaluza and Klein.Like a drinking straw seen at a distance, the membranes would
look like strings when we curl the 11th dimension into a small circle.In a very tidy
room, if you change anything it will be noticeable, since everything
has its own place.However, no one knew what the states associated
to the entropy of the black hole were.
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