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Please help improve this article or section by expanding it.Such paintings were often claimed to capture something of the depicted objects' immutable intrinsic qualities rather than its external appearance.The most common understanding of abstract art is as a phenomenon of 20th century.Abstract painting appeared at virtually the same time (ca.For this reason, it isn't clear who the first Modernist abstract painter was: it could have been Robert Delaunay in Paris; or the American Arthur Dove; the Russians Wassily Kandinsky or Kasimir Malevich; the dutch painter Piet Mondrian; Franz Kupka, Balla in Italy or many others.Rather than an invention of an individual, abstraction in Modernist painting appeared as a cultural phenomenon.In the Islamic religion the depiction of humans is not allowed, and consequently the Islamic culture developed a high standard of decorative arts.Constructivism (1915) and De Stijl (1917) were parallel movements which took abstraction into the three dimensions of sculpture and architecture.Some of the American Abstract expressionists are purely abstract and include: Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, and Hans Hofmann.Abstract Art (Movements in Modern Art series).This page was last modified on 2 May 2008, at 04:19.Abstraction and indexing services are available for a number of academic disciplines, aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.Academic abstracts
The abstract of a thesis or article is a short summary that explains the main argument(s), topic(s) or findings.In theses, the abstract normally appears before the table of contents.In scientific literature
Scientific literature takes widespread advantage of the abstract as the abbreviated style of choice in order to aptly communicate complex research.Most literature database search engines index abstracts only as opposed to providing the entire text of the paper.Therefore, abstracts are afforded protections under copyright law in many states just as any other form of written speech is protected.However, publishers of scientific articles invariably make abstracts publicly available, even when the article itself is protected by a toll barrier.It is a common misconception that the abstracts in MEDLINE provide sufficient information for medical practitioners, students, scholars and patients.The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions.Consulting the abstract alone is inadequate for scholarship and may lead to inappropriate medical decisions.Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements.Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words, but very rarely more than a page.An abstract may or may not have the section title of "abstract" explicitly listed as an antecedent to content, however, they are typically sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in the paper (e.Background, Introduction, Objectives, Methods, Results, Conclusions).In journal articles, research papers, published patent applications and patents, an abstract is a short summary placed prior to the introduction, often set apart from the body of the text, sometimes with different line justification (as a block or pull quote) from the rest of the article.An abstract allows one to sift through copious amounts of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to his research.Abstracts help one decide which papers might be relevant to his or her own research.Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance.It is commonly surmised that one must not base reference citations on the abstract alone, but the entire merits of a paper.The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting by Daniel Weihs, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.Abstract: Background Drafting in cetaceans is defined as the transfer of forces between individuals without actual physical contact between them.This behavior has long been surmised to explain how young dolphin calves keep up with their rapidly moving mothers.It has recently been observed that a significant number of calves become permanently separated from their mothers during chases by tuna vessels.Bernoulli suction, which stems from the fact that the local pressure drops in areas of high speed, results in an attractive force between mother and calf.Graphical abstracts
Recently, due to the influence of computer storage and retrieval systems such as the Internet, many scientific publications have started including graphical abstracts alongside the text abstracts.It is not intended to be as exhaustive a summary as the text abstract, rather it is supposed to indicate the type, scope, and technical coverage of the article at a glance.This page was last modified on 28 March 2008, at 18:59.Writing
up Research
The
Abstract
This page is designed to be
interactive, so in places you can jump forward for more information, or will be asked
questions that you find answers to by using the links.What is the
difference between an abstract and an introduction?PURPOSE
For conference papers, research
papers, theses and dissertations, you will almost always be asked to write an abstract.In fact, not only are abstracts short, they must almost always be a
certain, specified length.Abstracts that exceed the
maximum word limit are often rejected because they cannot be used for databases, summaries
of conferences, etc.Present the main conclusions
It is essential that your abstract includes
all the keywords of your research, as it will enabled on databases which other researchers will
search.Obviously if you only have two hundred words, you can only cover each of these areas briefly.Abstracts are often too long because people forget to count their words
(remember that you can use your word processing program to do this) and make their
abstracts too detailed (see below).Abstracts that are too long
often have unnecessary details.The abstract is not the place for detailed explanations of
methodology or for details about the context of your research problem because you simply
do not have the space to present anything but the main points of your research.Failure to include important
information.ABSTRACTS AND INTRODUCTIONS COMPARED
At first glance, it might seem that
the introduction and the abstract are very similar because they both present the research
problem and objectives as well as briefly reviewing methodology, main findings and main
conclusions.Introductions usually go from general to specific, introducing the research
problem and how it will be investigated).NOT to introduce the research area.EXAMPLES
Example
1
Here is an abstract
from a published paper.Read it through looking for the main
purpose of each sentence (for example, presenting research problem, objective,
methodology, main findings, or conclusion).Abstract
Major problems of the
arid region are transportation of agricultural products and losses due to spoilage of the
products, especially in summer.This work presents the
performance of a solar drying system consisting of an air heater and a dryer chamber
connected to a greenhouse.Graphs are presented that depict the
thermal characteristics and performance of the pebble beds and the drying patterns of
different agricultural products.The results show that the amount of energy stored in the
pebbles depends on the air mass flow rate, the inlet air temperature, and the properties
of the storage materials.Experimental Study of the Performance of Solar Dryers with Pebble Beds.Example 2
Here is a second
abstract from a published paper.The effect of the
collector inclination angle, collector area and storage volume was examined for all
systems, and various climatic conditions and their payback period was calculated.The increase in storage volume has a detrimental effect for small daily load volumes, but
a beneficial one when there is a large daily consumption.Overall, the systems are
oversized and are economically suitable for large daily hot water load volumes.An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form.What types of abstracts are typically used?Informative Abstracts
communicate specific information from the report, article, or paper.Why are abstracts so important?The practice of using key words in an abstract is vital because of today's electronic information retrieval systems.Titles and abstracts are filed electronically, and key words are put in electronic storage.When people search for information, they enter key words related to the subject, and the computer prints out the titles of articles, papers, and reports containing those key words.Thus, an abstract must contain key words about what is essential in an article, paper, or report so that someone else can retrieve information from it.Qualities of a Good Abstract
An effective abstract has the following qualities:
uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone.Check with your teacher if you're unsure whether or not to use passive voice.Steps for Writing Effective Abstracts
To write an effective abstract, follow these steps:
Reread the article, paper, or report with the goal of abstracting in mind.Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract.If you're writing an abstract about another person's article, paper, or report, the introduction and the summary are good places to begin.After you've finished rereading the article, paper, or report, write a rough draft without looking back at what you're abstracting.Don't rely on the way material was phrased in the article, paper, or report: summarize information in a new way.Revise your rough draft to
correct weaknesses in organization.The control schemes and memory management on PASM are explored.Examples
of how PASM can be used to perform image processing tasks are given.It may be copied for educational purposes only.Finally, it includes a few examples of abstracts broken
down to isolate their component parts.An abstract of a humanities work may contain
the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work.You may write an abstract various reasons.The two most important are
selection and indexing.Also, many online databases use abstracts to index larger works.Therefore, abstracts should contain keywords and phrases that allow for
easy searching.That is still a fair number of dissertations.One option would be to download or order the entire dissertation
on the chance that it might speak specifically to the topic.Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms
of power.Besides selection, the other main purpose of the abstract is for indexing.Most article databases in the online catalog of the library enable you
to search by abstracts.When do people write abstracts?Most of the time the author of the entire work (or prospective work)
writes the abstract.However, there are professional abstracting services
that hire writers to draft abstracts of other people's work.They have different aims, so as a consequence they have different components
and styles.UNC Writing Center handout on writing
a review.It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results
or conclusions of the research.Some people consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary.The majority of abstracts are informative.While they still do not critique
or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it.In the case of a longer work, it may be much less.Abstracts present the essential elements of a longer work in a short
and powerful statement.This handout provides examples
of various types of abstracts and instructions on how to construct one.Which type should I use?Your best bet in this case is to ask your instructor or refer to the
instructions provided by the publisher.How do I write an abstract?The format of your abstract will depend on the work being abstracted.Why would a reader be interested
in the larger work?What problem does this work attempt to solve?What is the scope of the
project?An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches
used in the larger study.Other abstracts may describe the types of
evidence used in the research.Again, an abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that
indicates the results of the project.Other abstracts may discuss the
findings in a more general way.What changes should be implemented as a result of the findings of the
work?How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic?The full citation of the source preceding the abstract.Clear, concise, and powerful language.The background that places the work in the larger body of literature.The same chronological structure of the original work.There are some tricks that you could use to
make it easier, however.For a scientific paper, you may have
sections titled Purpose, Methods, Results, and Discussion.Use reverse outlining to discover the several ideas
in each section and then distill them into one statement.When abstracting something you have not written you do not have the
luxury of cutting and pasting.Instead, it is up to you to divine what
a prospective reader would want to know about the work.Search through the entire document for key terms that identify the purpose,
scope, and methods of the work.After reading the entire work, put it aside and write a paragraph about
the work without referring to it.Remember not to include any information you did
not get from the work being abstracted.When revising, delete all extraneous
words and incorporate meaningful and powerful words.The idea is to be
as clear and complete as possible in the shortest amount of space.Word Count feature of MS Word can help you keep track of how long your
abstract is and help you hit your target length.Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from
its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s.The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures
for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices.Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from
its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s.This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential.Indeed, some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic
elites as the agents driving institutional change.By propelling change in an array of local institutions,
movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.This science abstract covers much of the same ground as the humanities
one, but it asks slightly different questions.This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout's topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find the latest publications on this topic.Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using.How to Write an Abstract.Indexing and Abstracting in Theory
and Practice, 3rd edition.What this handout is about
What is an abstract?When do people write abstracts?Types of abstracts
How do I write an abstract?Currently there are 11,404 free fonts on Abstract Fonts.Hey, I need to figure out what this font is or find something simular.Please help me locate this font!Only your credit card will give it to you !Fuzzy combined to really narrow down some of the bigger categories.Download up to 100 of your bookmarked fonts in 1 zip file.Comment on fonts and post in our forum.Since starting in 1998 we have grown to have over 10,000 free fonts and about 1 million unique downloads every month.Each of the fonts has a customizable string preview, character map, member comments, similar fonts as well as a font info tab with all kinds of helpful information about the font.Help Improve OWL: Click here to participate in the OWL Usability Survey!What is the Statistical Abstract?The Statistical Abstract of the United States, published since 1878, is the authoritative and comprehensive summary of statistics on the social, political, and economic organization of the United States.Sources of Data
The Abstract is also your guide to sources of other data from the Census Bureau, other Federal agencies, and private organizations.Census Bureau Web site and does not imply endorsement of any particular product, company, or content."Census Bureau Web site and does not imply endorsement of any particular product."Web site does not imply endorsement of any particular product, company, or content."Web site does not imply endorsement of any particular product, company, or content."
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