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Bz biography, Bz discography
"Please complete the "+shortFieldName+" field.""Please enter a valid email address."At BZ Web Technology, not only do we have a pool of highly talented graphic designers, we have also a group of Professional Internet Engineers.BZ Web Technology All Rights Reserved.Use fewer keywords to find more results.If you want to specify which of your search terms should match the author's name and which should match the title, you should conduct an Advanced Search.You have no recently viewed items or searches.There are no hidden charges!We specialize in corporate and small business websites, so we understand what you need.Your satisfaction is our goal.Working a little bit with photoshop, really relaxing.You can visit the links section here.This tool gives the quickest access to information in the Tridion Publishings queue.The TCM Explorer version 1.GUI, but it adds extra functionality and speed.Visit the old site here.For the spoof amateur radio Q code, see QNB (amateur radio).Its NATO code is BZ.The Iraqi incapacitating agent Agent 15 is believed either to be the same as or similar to BZ.BZ is a glycolate anticholinergic compound related to atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and other deliriants.Dispersal would be as an aerosolized solid (primarily for inhalation) or as agent dissolved in one or more solvents for ingestion or percutaneous absorption.Acting as a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine at postsynaptic and postjunctional muscarinic receptor sites in smooth muscle, exocrine glands, autonomic ganglia, and the brain, BZ decreases the effective concentration of acetylcholine seen by receptors at these sites.Thus, BZ causes peripheral nervous system (PNS) effects that in general are the opposite of those seen in nerve agent poisoning.Central nervous system (CNS) effects include stupor, confusion, and confabulation with concrete and panoramic illusions and hallucinations, and with regression to automatic "phantom" behaviors such as plucking and disrobing.Production of BZ is controlled under schedule 2 of the Chemical Weapons Convention.History and toxicity of physostigmine
3.NATO code BZ and was weaponized at the beginning of the 1960s for possible battlefield use.It has been rumored that BZ was administered to American troops in order to increase their fighting power and improve their performance, but this rumor is strongly disputed.This rumor is a major reference point in the film Jacob's Ladder (1990), although the film only mentions BZ in a supplementary caption at the conclusion of the film before the credits.Agent 15 is an alleged Iraqi incapacitating agent that is likely to be chemically either identical to BZ or closely related to it.Agent 15 was reportedly stockpiled in large quantities prior to and during the Persian Gulf War.Physical evidence of BZ use in Bosnia remains elusive, however.Sources other than military
BZ and related anticholinergic compounds can be synthesized in clandestine laboratories, but its illicit use is nonexistent, because of its unpleasant effects.Physiochemical characteristics
BZ is odorless.It is extremely persistent in soil and water and on most surfaces.Detection and protection
Because BZ is odorless and nonirritating, and because clinical effects are not seen until after a latent period of 30 minutes to 24 hours, exposure could occur without the knowledge of casualties.In burning munitions the white smoke may provoke people to use improvised protective masks (e.Though agent detectors have been developed for BZ, no currently available field military or civilian detector is designed to disclose the presence of BZ or other anticholinergic compounds in the environment.Confirmation of the exact chemical involved in an incapacitating agent exposure would have to await laboratory analysis of environmental specimens containing the agent.The HEPA filter in the canister of the chemical protective mask prevents exposure of the face and respiratory tract to aerosolized BZ.The chemical protective ensemble protects the skin against contact with BZ or other incapacitating agents dispersed as fine solid particles or in solution.Protection against ingestion would depend upon a high index of suspicion for BZ contaminated food or drink.Toxicokinetics
BZ is dispersed as an aerosolized.Following absorption, BZ is systemically distributed to most organs and biological tissues of the body.Metabolism of BZ would be expected to occur primarily in the liver, with elimination of unchanged agent and metabolites chiefly in the urine.Toxicodynamics (mechanism of action)
The agent BZ and other anticholinergic glycolates act as competitive inhibitors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine neurons (1) at postjunctional muscarinic receptors in cardiac and smooth muscle and in exocrine (ducted) glands and (2) at postsynaptic receptors in neurons.As the concentration of BZ at these sites increases, the proportion of receptors available for binding to acetylcholine decreases and the end organ "sees" less acetylcholine.One way of visualizing this process is to imagine BZ coating the surface of the end organ and preventing acetylcholine from reaching its receptors.Because BZ has little to no agonist activity with respect to acetylcholine, high concentrations of BZ essentially substitute a "dud" for acetylcholine at these sites and lead to clinical effects reflective of understimulation of end organs.Clinical effects
Peripheral Effects:
Mydriasis, blurred vision
Dry mouth, skin
Initially rapid heart rate declining to normal or slow heart rate over time
Possible flushing of the skin
The PNS effects of BZ are, in general, readily understood as those of understimulation of end organs and are qualitatively similar to those of atropine.Decreased stimulation of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in the skin results in dry skin and a reduction in the ability to dissipate heat by evaporative cooling.Similar effects on cholinergic ciliary muscles produce paralysis of accommodation.Other smooth muscle effects from BZ intoxication include decreased bladder tone and decreased urinary force with possibly severe bladder distention.BZ typically raises the heart rate initially, but hours later, depending on the dose of BZ, the heart rate falls to normal or may become slow.Either the peripheral vagal blockade has ceased or the stimulation of the vagal nucleus has occurred.This weakness, along with incoordination, heightened stretch reflexes, and ataxia, is probably due to the effects of BZ at CNS sites.The PNS effects of BZ are essentially side effects that are useful in diagnosis, but incidental to the CNS effects for which the incapacitating agents were developed.The patient may abandon socially imposed restraints and resort to vulgar and inappropriate behavior.In the face of these deficits, the patient still tries to make sense of his environment and will not hesitate to make up answers on the spot to questions that confuse him.Speech becomes slurred and often senseless, and loss of inflection produces a flat, monotonous voice.Semiautomatic behavior may also include disrobing (perhaps partly because of increased body temperature), mumbling, and phantom behaviors such as constant picking, plucking, or grasping motions ("woolgathering" or carphology).BZ was supposedly administered to soldiers during the Vietnam War in the film Jacob's Ladder, but the specified effects are not accurate and possibly exaggerated.It has not been proven that BZ sends people exposed to it in a homicidal frenzy, as the film suggests.Central nervous system mediated perceptual disturbances in BZ poisoning include both illusions (misidentification of real objects) and hallucinations (the perception of objects or attributes that have no objective reality).Hallucinations resulting from anticholinergics such as BZ tend to be realistic, distinct, easily identifiable (often commonly encountered objects or persons), panoramic, and difficult to distinguish from reality.Moreover, as other symptoms begin to resolve, intermittent paranoia may be seen.BZ produces effects not just in individuals, but also in groups.When one observed subject mumbled, "Gotta cigarette?"His delirious companion held out an invisible pack, he followed with, "S'okay, don't wanna take your last one."In another test it was reported two victims of BZ played tennis with imaginary rackets.Time course of effects
Clinical effects from ingestion or inhalation of BZ appear after an asymptomatic or latent period that may be as little as 30 minutes, or as long as 20 hours; the usual range is 0.However, effects may not appear up to 36 hours after skin exposure to BZ.Following an ICt50 of BZ, severe effects may last 36 hours, but mild effects may persist for additional days.The clinical course from BZ poisoning can be divided into the following four stages:
Onset or induction (zero to four hours after exposure), characterized by parasympathetic blockade and mild CNS effects.Fourth phase, or resolution, characterized by paranoia, deep sleep, reawakening, crawling or climbing automatisms, and eventual reorientation.All of these conditions can lead to restlessness, lightheadedness (with associated vertigo and ataxia), confusion, and erratic behavior with or without vomiting.Clues that specifically point to BZ or a related compound are the combination of anticholinergic PNS effects with the CNS effects of slurred and monotonous speech, automatic behavior (perseveration, disrobing, and phantom behaviors (such as "woolgathering"), and vivid, realistic, describable hallucinations (decreasing in size over time) in a patient slipping into and out of delirium.Anticholinergics
Indoles (Schizophrenic psychosis may mimic in some respects.Cannabinols
Anxiety reaction
Atropine intoxication from MARK I autoinjector use in a patient not exposed to nerve agents may create similar PNS effects to those seen in BZ intoxication.Circumstantial evidence may be helpful in this situation.Heat stroke may also generate hot, dry, and confused or stuporous casualties and needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis.Patients with anxiety reactions are usually oriented to time, place, and person but may be trembling, crying, or otherwise panicked.PNS signs of BZ poisoning.Protection of medical staff from already absorbed and systemically distributed BZ in a patient is not needed.Management of heat stress assumes a high priority in these patients.Because of the prolonged time course in BZ poisoning, consideration should always be given to evacuation to a higher echelon of care.As a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine, BZ effectively decreases the amount of acetylcholine "seen" by postsynaptic and postjunctional receptors throughout the body.Specific antidotal therapy in BZ poisoning is therefore geared toward raising the concentration of acetylcholine in these synapses and junctions.The specific antidote of choice in BZ poisoning is the carbamate anticholinesterase physostigmine (eserine; Antilirium), which temporarily raises acetylcholine concentrations by binding reversibly to anticholinesterase on the postsynaptic or postjunctional membrane.However, physostigmine is not used for this purpose because the doses required cause vomiting through CNS mechanisms.In the case of BZ poisoning, a nonpolar compound such as physostigmine is used specifically because penetration into the brain is required in those individuals who already have CNS effects from BZ.It must be emphasized that physostigmine does not shorten the clinical course of BZ poisoning and that relapses will occur if treatment is discontinued prematurely.Suggested dosages for physostigmine in the treatment of BZ poisoning follow:
Test dose: If the diagnosis is in doubt, a dose of 1 mg might be given.If a slight improvement occurs, routine dosing should be given.History and toxicity of physostigmine
The antagonism between physostigmine (the elixir of calabar bean) and atropine (tincture of belladonna) was first reported in 1864 by a physician who successfully treated prisoners who had become delirious after drinking tincture of belladonna.Physicians did not notice this report until the 1950s when atropine coma (in which 50 mg or so of atropine were given to certain psychiatric patients) was successfully treated with physostigmine after the "therapeutic benefit" had been attained.Again, this went unnoticed until a controlled study, reported in 1967, indicated that anticholinergic intoxication could be successfully, albeit transiently, reversed by physostigmine.Since its use is rarely lifesaving, this slight difference in time of response is inconsequential.Physostigmine is a safe and effective antidote if used properly.In a conscious and delirious patient it will produce very effective but transient reversal of both the peripheral and central effects of cholinergic blocking compounds.Triage
An immediate casualty (possible but unlikely) would be one with cardiorespiratory compromise or severe hyperthermia.Immediate attention to ventilation, hemodynamic status, and temperature control could be lifesaving.The delayed casualty would present with pronounced or worsening anticholinergic signs.Given the time course of BZ intoxication, however, these patients should not be considered able to manage themselves or capable of routine return to duty and should be relieved of their weapons, observed, and, if the holding capacity at the current echelon is exceeded, evacuated.Return to duty
Given the time course of the intoxication, early return to duty is probably not a realistic possibility for the majority of casualties who may require observation and management for several days at the least.Weapons
BZ was weaponized by the United States Army Chemical Corps in the 1960's.A), MARS smoke generator, spray tanks, and possibly artillery and Lance ballistic missile.This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.Agent BZ use in Hawaii April through June 1966.This page was last modified on 29 April 2008, at 04:03.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.This page was last modified on 18 April 2008, at 12:37.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.BZ Films has been dedicated to creating content that is important; producing, directing, editing, shooting, writing and managing documentaries, music videos, network series and websites.Culturally aware, beautiful and cutting edge.Matt Zuckerman took home a golden statue for his part in producing the series Quest for the Cup (Voom HD Networks and NASCAR Images).The video will be out in early June!To kick things off, BZ Films teamed up with Elle.BZ Films has officially launched.Check back for more news on all of these projects.Matt Zuckerman was responsible for creating and producing several series for Voom HD Networks.Service certified software assures the customer of the best service
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