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Czars biography, Czars discography
Czar or Tzar in English (Zar in German and most other Germanic languages), is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs.Originally, and indeed during most of its history, the title Tsar (derived from Caesar) meant Emperor in the European medieval sense of the term, that is, a ruler who has the same rank as a Roman or Byzantine emperor (or, according to Byzantine ideology, the most elevated position adjacent to the one held by the Byzantine monarch) due to recognition by another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch).The modern languages of these countries use it as a general term for a monarch.For example, the title of the Bulgarian monarchs in the 20th century was not generally interpreted as imperial.Russia from about 1547 until 1721 (after 1721 and until 1917, the title was used officially only in reference to the Russian emperor's sovereignty over certain formerly independent states such as Poland and Georgia).Thus, "tsar" was not only used as an equivalent of Latin "imperator" (in reference to the rulers of the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and to native rulers) but was also used to refer to Biblical rulers and ancient kings.Currently, the term tsar refers to native sovereigns, ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales and the like.The title of king (Russian korol' , Bulgarian kral) is perceived as alien and is reserved for (West) European royalty (and, by extension, for those modern monarchs outside of Europe whose titles are translated as king in English, roi in French etc.Here lies Mostich who was ichirgu boila during the reigns of Tsar Simeon and Tsar Peter.The sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was converted to Christianity.However, the title "tsar" (and its Byzantine Greek equivalent "basileus") were actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I, following a makeshift imperial coronation performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913.After an attempt by the Byzantine Empire to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927.Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors, Eastern and Western (as in the Late Roman Empire), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned basileus as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantian basileus.Mostich, a contemporary of Simeon I and Peter I, from Preslav.Croatian conflict or a possible attempt to return Bulgaria to union with Rome.Simeon I, his son Peter I, and of Samuel were somehow derived from the Papacy.The Pope, however, only speaks of reges, kings of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank the Pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him.In Latin sources the Emperor of Bulgaria is sometimes designated "Emperor of Zagora" (with variant spellings).This may be related to the fact that he had claimed the legacy of the Byzantine Empire or to the fact that the sultan was called "Basileus" in medieval Greek.After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince (knjaz).With the declaration of full independence, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946.However, these titles weren't generally perceived as equivalents of "Emperor" any longer."Emperor of Serbians and Greeks" (the Greek renderings read "imperator and autocrator of Serbians and Romans"), and was crowned as such in Skopje on Easter (April 16) 1346 by the newly created Serbian patriarch, alongside with the Bulgarian patriarch and the autocephalous archibishop of Ohrid.Several other Serbian rulers are known traditionally as tsars, although they realistically cannot be called so.When Serbia, which had emerged as an autonomous principality after a long period of Ottoman domination, became an independent kingdom, its prince, knjaz, adopted the traditional title of king, kralj.Srbije "By the grace of God and the will of the people, King of Serbia".The term "tsar" was used once by Church officials of Kievan Rus in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev.This may be connected to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople.Yet the first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan, Mikhail of Tver, assumed the title of "Basileus of Rus" and "tsar".Following his assertion of independence from the Golden Horde and perhaps also his marriage to an heiress of the Byzantine Empire, "Veliki Kniaz" Ivan III of Muscovy started to use the title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West.Ivan's son Vasily III continued using these titles, as his Latin letters to Clement VII testify: "Magnus Dux Basilius, Dei gratia Imperator et Dominator totius Russiae, nec non Magnus Dux Woldomeriae", etc.In the Russian version of the letter, "imperator" corresponds to "tsar").Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia.This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "Third Rome", after Constantinople had fallen.The Muscovite ruler was recognized as an emperor by Maximilian I, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1514.In 1670, Pope Clement X expressed doubts that it would be appropriate for him to address Alexis as "tsar", because the word is "barbarian" and because it stands for an "emperor", whereas there is only one emperor in the Christian world and he does not reside in Moscow.The title tsar remained in common usage, and also officially as the designator of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the Muscovite monarchy (such as the former Tatar khanates and the Georgian Orthodox kingdom).In the 18th century, it was increasingly viewed as inferior to "emperor" or highlighting the oriental side of the term.Upon annexing Crimea in 1783, Catherine the Great adopted the hellenicized title of "Tsaritsa of Tauric Chersonesos", rather than "Tsaritsa of the Crimea", as should have been expected.Full style of Russian Sovereigns below).Since the word "tsar" remained the popular designation of the Russian ruler despite the official change of style, its transliteration of this title in foreign languages such as English is commonly used also, in fact chiefly, for the Russian Emperors up to 1917.Lord and Ruler of the Circassians and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Oldenburg, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."The Emperor's subsidiary title of Tsar of Siberia refers to the Tatar Khanate of Sibiria, easily subdued in the early stages of the exploration and annexation of the larger eponymous region, most of it before inhabited by nomadic tribal people without a state in the European sense.The subsidiary title of Tsar in chief of Transcausasian Georgia is the continuation of a royal style of a native dynasty, that had as such been recognized by Russia; it was a new, Slavonic style, imposed after the former regional superpower, which had used native and even Persian styles reflecting imperial pretences, had been reduced to a vassal unable to ward off its mighty neighbours.God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, Tsar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."Tsaritsa (Empress) could be either the ruler herself or the wife (Empress consort) of the tsar.The title of tsaritsa is used in the same way in Bulgaria and Serbia.Grand Duke or Grand Prince).The latter title was also used for grandsons (through male lines).He named as his heir his own brother Michael.Mikhail, if he can be said to have been Tsar at all, merely reigned nominally for a very short time.In 1924 Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich proclaimed himself Emperor in exile.Maximilian's letter was of great importance to Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great, when they wished to back up their titles of "tsar" and "emperor", respectively.Both monarchs demonstrated the letter to foreign ambassadors; Peter even referred to it when he proclaimed himself Emperor.This objection may be used against translating "Basileus" as "emperor", too.Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of rex ("king"), if they only ally themselves with Vatican.Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar.As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority does not require anyone's confirmation.The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London.Peter started to use the title informally in 1696.Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania".The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987
Robert O.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.Face to Face with the Czars
The Romanov Dynasty begins in 1613 and ends with the Bolshevik Revolution of
1917.Explore Russia's rich history through the lives of some of its most famous
leaders.Copyright 1999, The Moscow Kremlin Museums and other international
copyrights.Text compiled by Alexei K.
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