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4.The Two Factor Theory
4.Some believe that emotions can occur unconsciously, and hence that emotion is a more general phenomenon than its subjective feeling.Feelings may also more narrowly refer to the experience of bodily changes.Thus, thoughts about a particular person or situation could not be part of the emotion of love, since one can experience the same emotion about many other things.People often behave in certain ways as a direct result of their emotional state, such as crying, fighting or fleeing.However some theorists such as Nico Frijda who hold a functionalist approach to emotions point to the idea that emotions have evolved for a particular function, such as to keep the subject safe.Firstly, are emotions distinctive discrete states or do they vary more smoothly along one or more underlying dimensions?In this respect complex emotions may be regarded as developments upon basic emotions.For example interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt.Combined views are also available.Another important means of distinguishing emotions concerns their occurrence in time.Often theories are not mutually exclusive and many researchers incorporate multiple perspectives in their work.The theory lost favour in the 20th Century, but has regained popularity more recently thanks largely to theorists such as Antonio Damasio, Joseph LeDoux and Robert Zajonc who are able to appeal to neurological evidence.Lange Theory
William James in the article 'What is an Emotion?These changes might be visceral, postural, or facially expressive.James further claims that 'we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and not that we cry, strike, or tremble, because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be.Lange theory, conversely, asserts that first we react to a situation (running away and crying happen before the emotion), and then we interpret our actions into an emotional response.In this way, emotions serve to explain and organize our own actions to us.The Perceptual Theory
A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory.The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning.Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion as a result of being causally triggered by certain situations.In this respect emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways.Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions (2004), though we also find forerunners in the work of Peter Goldie and Ronald de Sousa.Cognitive Theories of Emotion
There are a number of theories of emotions that argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgements, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur.This, it is argued is necessary to capture the fact that emotions are about something or have intentionality.Where James argued that emotional behaviour often precedes or defines the emotion, Cannon and Bard argued that the emotion arises first and then stimulates typical behaviour.This is based on experiments purportedly showing that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of adrenaline.The Component Process Model
A recent version of the cognitive theory comes from Klaus Scherer which regards emotions more broadly as the synchronisation of many different bodily and cognitive components.Emotions are identified with the overall process whereby low level cognitive appraisals, in particular the processing of relevance, trigger bodily reactions, behaviours and feelings.Disciplinary approaches to Emotions
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions.These include psychology, neuroscience, sociology, psychiatry, anthropology, ethology, archaeology, economics, criminology, law, political science, history, geography, education, philosophy, linguistics and literature.Evolutionary Biology of Emotions
Perspectives on emotions from evolution theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals.Evidence of universality in the human case has been provided by Paul Ekman's seminal research on facial expression.The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain.The sociology of emotions also focuses on general attitude changes in a population.Other more cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.Valence, The distinction of emotions into positive or negative categories.See for instance Antonio Damasio (2005) Looking for Spinoza.The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals.The Brain Meets the Robot.Rethinking the study of fear appeals: An emotional perspective.Attitude strength, attitude structure and resistance to change.The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face.Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.An investigation of the 1984 presidential election."Emotional Circuits and Computational Neuroscience" in The handbook of brain theory and neural networks Second Edition.Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and Cambridge University Press.Knowledge activation: Accessiblity, applicability, and salience.Social Psychology, Handbook of basic principles (pp.Mind and Brain: dialogues in cognitive neuroscience.Incongruity in humor: The cognitive dynamics.Current Directions in Psychological Science.Emotional Cognition: From Brain to Behaviour.All joking aside: A serious investigation into the persuasive effect of funny social issue messages.Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol 19, pp.Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol.What are emotions and how can they be measured?Construct validation: Methodology and application to three measures of cognitive structure.The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life.Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model.Emotions and Disease, an exhibition developed by the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine.This page was last modified on 23 May 2008, at 19:40.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.This is a list of emotions.Stoic Passions
The Stoics named four primary passions.Distress is an irrational contraction, or a fresh opinion that something bad is present, at which people think it right to be depressed.Fear is an irrational aversion, or avoidance of an expected danger.Delight is an irrational swelling, or a fresh opinion that something good is present, at which people think it right to be elated.The definitions are those of the translation of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations by J.Jealousy is distress arising from the fact that the thing one has coveted oneself is in the possession of the other man as well as one's own.Compassion is distress arising from the wretchedness of a neighbor in undeserved suffering.Mourning is distress arising from the untimely absence of a beloved object.Depression is distress accompanied by brooding.Sluggishness is fear of ensuing toil.Shame is fear causing diffusion of blood.Fright is paralyzing fear which causes paleness, trembling and chattering of teeth.Consternation is fear upsetting the mental balance.Anger is lust of punishing the man who is thought to have inflicted an undeserved injury.Rage is anger springing up and suddenly showing itself.Wrath is anger of greater bitterness conceived in the innermost heart and soul.Longing is lust of beholding someone who is not present.Malice is pleasure derived from a neighbor's evil which brings no advantage to oneself.Ostentation is pleasure shown in outward demeanor and puffing oneself out extravagantly.Lojban emotions
The artificial language Lojban has interjections expressing degrees of emotions.That page presents lists from Ekman, Lazarus, Ortony et al.Chart of 121 emotions (with 3D characteristic).All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.Frames can be your friend.
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