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What is the recommended intake for iron?When can iron deficiency occur?Who may need extra iron to prevent a deficiency?Does pregnancy increase the need for iron?Some facts about iron supplements
Who should be cautious about taking iron supplements?What are some current issues and controversies about iron?What is the risk of iron toxicity?Iron intakes and healthful diets
ReferencesReviewersIron: What is it?Iron, one of the most abundant metals on Earth, is essential to most life forms and to normal human physiology.Iron is an integral part of many proteins and enzymes that maintain good health.There are two forms of dietary iron: heme and nonheme.Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells.Oysters, breaded and fried, 6 pieces4.Beef, tenderloin, roasted, 3 ounces 3.Beef, eye of round, roasted, 3 ounces2.Tuna, fresh bluefin, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces1.Chicken, breast, roasted, 3 ounces1.Halibut, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces0.Crab, blue crab, cooked, moist heat, 3 ounces0.Tuna, white, canned in water, 3 ounces0.Shrimp, mixed species, cooked, moist heat, 4 large0.Beans, kidney, mature, boiled, 1 cup5.Beans, navy, mature, boiled, 1 cup4.Beans, black, mature, boiled, 1 cup3.Beans, pinto, mature, boiled, 1 cup 3.Grits, white, enriched, quick, prepared with water, 1 cup1.DVs are reference numbers developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help consumers determine if a food contains a lot or a little of a specific nutrient.The percent DV tells you what percent of the DV is provided in one serving.The DV for iron is 18 milligrams (mg).DV is high in that nutrient.For foods not listed in this table, please refer to the U.Iron absorption refers to the amount of dietary iron that the body obtains and uses from food.Storage levels of iron have the greatest influence on iron absorption.Iron absorption increases when body stores are low.Iron absorption is also influenced by the type of dietary iron consumed.Absorption of heme iron from meat proteins is efficient.It is most important to include foods that enhance nonheme iron absorption when daily iron intake is less than recommended, when iron losses are high (which may occur with heavy menstrual losses), when iron requirements are high (as in pregnancy), and when only vegetarian nonheme sources of iron are consumed.What is the recommended intake for iron?An AI is set when there is insufficient scientific data available to establish a RDA.Table 3 lists the RDAs for iron, in milligrams, for infants, children and adults.AHealthy full term infants are born with a supply of iron that lasts for 4 to 6 months.There is not enough evidence available to establish a RDA for iron for infants from birth through 6 months of age.Table 4 lists the AI for iron, in milligrams, for infants up to 6 months of age.Iron in human breast milk is well absorbed by infants.The amount of iron in cow's milk is low, and infants poorly absorb it.Feeding cow's milk to infants also may result in gastrointestinal bleeding.Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) describe dietary intake of Americans 2 months of age and older.Researchers also examine specific groups within the NHANES population.Older adults from food insufficient families had significantly lower intakes of iron than older adults who are food sufficient.In one survey, twenty percent of adults age 20 to 59 and 13.Iron intake is negatively influenced by low nutrient density foods, which are high in calories but low in vitamins and minerals.Sugar sweetened sodas and most desserts are examples of low nutrient density foods, as are snack foods such as potato chips.When can iron deficiency occur?Iron deficiency develops gradually and usually begins with a negative iron balance, when iron intake does not meet the daily need for dietary iron.This negative balance initially depletes the storage form of iron while the blood hemoglobin level, a marker of iron status, remains normal.Iron deficiency anemia is an advanced stage of iron depletion.It occurs when storage sites of iron are deficient and blood levels of iron cannot meet daily needs.Individuals with kidney failure, especially those being treated with dialysis, are at high risk for developing iron deficiency anemia.Both iron and erythropoietin can be lost during kidney dialysis.Vitamin A helps mobilize iron from its storage sites, so a deficiency of vitamin A limits the body's ability to use stored iron.Chronic malabsorption can contribute to iron depletion and deficiency by limiting dietary iron absorption or by contributing to intestinal blood loss.Most iron is absorbed in the small intestines.Eating nonnutritive substances such as dirt and clay, often referred to as pica or geophagia, is sometimes seen in persons with iron deficiency.There is disagreement about the cause of this association.Some researchers believe that these eating abnormalities may result in an iron deficiency.People with chronic infectious, inflammatory, or malignant disorders such as arthritis and cancer may become anemic.Who may need extra iron to prevent a deficiency?Three groups of people are most likely to benefit from iron supplements: people with a greater need for iron, individuals who tend to lose more iron, and people who do not absorb iron normally.Celiac Disease and Crohn's Syndrome are associated with gastrointestinal malabsorption and may impair iron absorption.Women taking oral contraceptives may experience less bleeding during their periods and have a lower risk of developing an iron deficiency.Women who use an intrauterine device (IUD) to prevent pregnancy may experience more bleeding and have a greater risk of developing an iron deficiency.If laboratory tests indicate iron deficiency anemia, iron supplements may be recommended.There are many causes of anemia, including iron deficiency.There are also several potential causes of iron deficiency.After a thorough evaluation, physicians can diagnose the cause of anemia and prescribe the appropriate treatment.Does pregnancy increase the need for iron?Nutrient requirements increase during pregnancy to support fetal growth and maternal health.If iron intake does not meet increased requirements, iron deficiency anemia can occur.Low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit may indicate iron deficiency.Nutritionists estimate that over half of pregnant women in the world may have hemoglobin levels consistent with iron deficiency.Hispanic black women were iron deficient.The RDA for iron for pregnant women increases to 27 mg per day.When median iron intake is less than the RDA, more than half of the group consumes less iron than is recommended each day.Several major health organizations recommend iron supplementation during pregnancy to help pregnant women meet their iron requirements.When a low hemoglobin or hematocrit is confirmed by repeat testing, the CDC recommends larger doses of supplemental iron.Obstetricians often monitor the need for iron supplementation during pregnancy and provide individualized recommendations to pregnant women.Some facts about iron supplementsIron supplementation is indicated when diet alone cannot restore deficient iron levels to normal within an acceptable timeframe.Supplements are especially important when an individual is experiencing clinical symptoms of iron deficiency anemia.The goals of providing oral iron supplements are to supply sufficient iron to restore normal storage levels of iron and to replenish hemoglobin deficits.When hemoglobin levels are below normal, physicians often measure serum ferritin, the storage form of iron.Supplemental iron is available in two forms: ferrous and ferric.Elemental iron is the amount of iron in a supplement that is available for absorption.Figure 1 lists the percent elemental iron in these supplements.The amount of iron absorbed decreases with increasing doses.For this reason, it is recommended that most people take their prescribed daily iron supplement in two or three equally spaced doses.However, physicians evaluate each person individually, and prescribe according to individual needs.Physicians monitor the effectiveness of iron supplements by measuring laboratory indices, including reticulocyte count (levels of newly formed red blood cells), hemoglobin levels, and ferritin levels.Hemoglobin usually increases within 2 to 3 weeks of starting iron supplementation.In rare situations parenteral iron (provided by injection or I.Who should be cautious about taking iron supplements?Iron deficiency is uncommon among adult men and postmenopausal women.These individuals should only take iron supplements when prescribed by a physician because of their greater risk of iron overload.Hemochromatosis is often not diagnosed until excess iron stores have damaged an organ.Iron supplementation may accelerate the effects of hemochromatosis, an important reason why adult men and postmenopausal women who are not iron deficient should avoid iron supplements.Individuals with blood disorders that require frequent blood transfusions are also at risk of iron overload and are usually advised to avoid iron supplements.What are some current issues and controversies about iron?Iron and heart disease: Because known risk factors cannot explain all cases of heart disease, researchers continue to look for new causes.Some evidence suggests that iron can stimulate the activity of free radicals.Free radicals may inflame and damage coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle.Other researchers suggest that iron may contribute to the oxidation of LDL ("bad") cholesterol, changing it to a form that is more damaging to coronary arteries.After menopause, a woman's risk of developing coronary heart disease increases along with her iron stores.In those geographic areas, lower iron stores are attributed to low meat (and iron) intake, high fiber diets that inhibit iron absorption, and gastrointestinal (GI) blood (and iron) loss due to parasitic infections.One way of testing an association between iron stores and coronary heart disease is to compare levels of ferritin, the storage form of iron, to the degree of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries.If excess iron stores contribute to heart disease, frequent blood donation could potentially lower heart disease rates because of the iron loss associated with blood donation.Conflicting results, and different methods to measure iron stores, make it difficult to reach a final conclusion on this issue.However, researchers know that it is feasible to decrease iron stores in healthy individual through phlebotomy (blood letting or donation).Using phlebotomy, researchers hope to learn more about iron levels and cardiovascular disease.Possible explanations include increased gastrointestinal blood loss after running and a greater turnover of red blood cells.Also, red blood cells within the foot can rupture while running.Three groups of athletes may be at greatest risk of iron depletion and deficiency: female athletes, distance runners, and vegetarian athletes.It is particularly important for members of these groups to consume recommended amounts of iron and to pay attention to dietary factors that enhance iron absorption.If appropriate nutrition intervention does not promote normal iron status, iron supplementation may be indicated.Iron and mineral interactionsSome researchers have raised concerns about interactions between iron, zinc, and calcium.When iron and zinc supplements are given together in a water solution and without food, greater doses of iron may decrease zinc absorption.What is the risk of iron toxicity?There is considerable potential for iron toxicity because very little iron is excreted from the body.Thus, iron can accumulate in body tissues and organs when normal storage sites are full.For example, people with hemachromatosis are at risk of developing iron toxicity because of their high iron stores.It is important to keep iron supplements tightly capped and away from children's reach.Any time excessive iron intake is suspected, immediately call your physician or Poison Control Center, or visit your local emergency room.There may be times when a physician prescribes an intake higher than the upper limit, such as when individuals with iron deficiency anemia need higher doses to replenish their iron stores.Beef and turkey are good sources of heme iron while beans and lentils are high in nonheme iron.In certain cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements may be useful sources of one or more nutrients that otherwise might be consumed in less than recommended amounts.It is important for anyone who is considering taking an iron supplement to first consider whether their needs are being met by natural dietary sources of heme and nonheme iron and foods fortified with iron, and to discuss their potential need for iron supplements with their physician.Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc.Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.Biochemical basis for the manifestations of iron deficiency.Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, Cook JD, Finch CA.Haas JD, Brownlie T 4th.Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a critical review of the research to determine a causal relationship.Immunobiology of mild micronutrient deficiencies.Accidental poisoning with iron supplements.Physiology and molecular biology of dietary iron absorption.Preventing iron deficiency through food fortification.USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 16.Approaches to improve iron bioavailability from complementary foods.Hallberg L, Hulten L, Gramatkovski E.Iron absorption from the whole diet in men: how effective is the regulation of iron absorption?Iron and absorption: dietary factors which impact iron bioavailability.Tapiero H, Gate L, Tew KD.Effect of ascorbic acid on apparent iron absorption by women with low iron stores.Samman S, Sandstrom B, Toft MB, Bukhave K, Jensen M, Sorensen SS, Hansen M.Brune M, Rossander L, Hallberg L.Iron absorption and phenolic compounds: importance of different phenolic structures.Cook JD, Reddy MB, Burri J, Juillerat MA, Hurrell RF.The influence of different cereal grains on iron absorption from infant cereal foods.Lynch SR, Dassenko SA, Cook JD, Juillerat MA, Hurrell RF.Iron fortification of infant formulas.National Center for Health Statistics, 2002:168.Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research.Government Printing Office, J Nutr.Dietary intakes and serum nutrients differ between adults from food insufficient and food sufficient families: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination.CDC Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States.Iron deficiency in patients with renal failure.Beneficial effects of iron therapy in renal failure patients on hemodialysis.Treatment for iron deficiency anaemia with a combined supplementation of iron, vitamin A and zinc in women of Dinajpur, Bangladesh.Stuijvenberg ME, Kruger M, Badenhorst CJ, Mansvelt EP, Laubscher JA.Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms.Allen LH, Iron supplements: scientific issues concerning efficacy and implications for research and programs.Low plasma zinc and iron in pica.Iron, infections, and anemia of inflammation.Iron and the anemia of chronic disease.Leong W and Lonnerdal B.Hepcidin, the recently identified peptide that appears to regulate iron absorption.Pregnancy and lactation: physiological adjustments, nutritional requirements and the role of dietary supplements.Iron deficiency in pregnancy: effects on the newborn.Cogswell ME, Parvanta I, Ickes L, Yip R, Brittenham GM.Iron supplementation during pregnancy, anemia, and birth weight: a randomized controlled trial.Bodnar LM, Cogswell ME, Scanlon KS.Low income postpartum women are at risk of iron deficiency.Looker AC, Dallman PR, Carroll MD, Gunter EW, Johnson CL.Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States.Evaluation and treatment of iron deficiency in patients with kidney disease.Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets.Blot I, Diallo D, Tchernia G.Iron deficiency in pregnancy: effects on the newborn.Maternal and perinatal outcome in varying degrees of anemia.Pregnancy and iron deficiency: unresolved issues.Iron deficiency anemia: recommended guidelines for the prevention, detection, and management among U.Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine.Iron supplement use among women in the United States: science, policy and practice.Hoffman R, Benz E, Shattil S, Furie B, Cohen H, Silberstein L, McGlave P.Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice, 3rd ed.Disorders of Iron Metabolism: Iron deficiency and overload.Louis: Facts and Comparisons, 2004.Burke W, Cogswell ME, McDonnell SM, Franks A.Public Health Strategies to Prevent the Complications of Hemochromatosis.Genetics and Public Health in the 21st Centry: using genetic information to improve health and prevent disease.New advances in iron metabolism, iron deficiency, and iron overload.Hyperlipidemia versus iron overload and coronary artery disease: yet more arguments on the cholesterol debate.Iron therapy and cardiovascular disease.Salonen JT, Nyyssonen K, Korpela H, Tuomilehto J, Seppanen R, Salonen R.High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men.Sempos CT, Looker AC, Gillum RF, Makuc DM.Body iron stores and the risk of coronary heart disease.Body iron stores and coronary heart disease.Body iron stores and coronary atherosclerosis assessed by coronary angiography.The iron (Fe) and atherosclerosis study (FeAST): A pilot study of reduction of body iron stores in atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease.Clarkson PM and Haymes EM.Exercise and mineral status of athletes: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron.Anemia in the adolescent athlete.Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Apple FS.Iron status of active women and the effect of running a marathon on bowel function and gastrointestinal blood loss.Inadequate iron status in athletes: An exaggerated problem?Changes in iron status during competitive season in female collegiate swimmers.Iron and zinc interactions in humans.Zinc absorption in adult humans: the effect of iron fortification.However, this information is not intended to constitute an "authoritative statement" under Food and Drug Administration rules and regulations.About ODSThe mission of the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) is to strengthen knowledge and understanding of dietary supplements by evaluating scientific information, stimulating and supporting research, disseminating research results, and educating the public to foster an enhanced quality of life and health for the U.The information is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice.It is important to seek the advice of a physician about any medical condition or symptom.ReviewersThe Clinical Nutrition Service and the ODS thank the expert scientific reviewers for their role in ensuring the scientific accuracy of the information discussed in these fact sheets, along with the Nutrition Education Subcommittee of the NIH, the U.Why do we need iron?Iron has been considered an essential mineral for our bodies for over a century.Iron, a mineral, functions primarily as a carrier of oxygen in the body, both as a part of hemoglobin in the blood and of myoglobin in the muscles.It also aids in immune function, cognitive development, temperature regulation, energy metabolism, and work performance.Men are able to naturally store more iron than women.RDA) for iron in a selected serving size.RDA for iron is the amount of the mineral used as a standard in nutrition labeling of foods, which is 18 milligrams per day for iron.The current RDA for iron for postmenopausal women (ages 50+) and all men is 8 milligrams per day.The RDA for premenopausal women (ages 19 to 50) is 18 milligrams per day.This increase is largely due to the fortification and increase in consumption of cereals, flours, breads, and enriched grains.Grains were the number one food source supply of iron in U.Where do we get iron?Heme sources are provided by animal tissues (meats) and are readily absorbed.Nonheme iron is provided from plant sources and elemental components of animal tissues.Nonheme sources that are high in iron include cooked spinach, beans, eggs, nuts, fortified breads, cereals, and flours.The foods that supply the greatest amount of iron in the U.Pasta, white rice, and most breads made from refined flours are enriched with iron, because iron is one of the nutrients lost in processing.Other nutrients added to refined flours and pasta include thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin.Minimum and maximum enrichment levels are specified for thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, but only a minimum level of iron is required in farina.Thus, iron enrichment levels for farina vary from brand to brand.RDA for a specific cereal.Do we get enough iron?RDA for premenopausal women is 10 milligrams higher than the RDA for men, thus making it more challenging for women in this age group to consume an adequate amount of iron.The ability of the body to absorb and utilize iron from different foods varies.The iron in meat, poultry, and fish is absorbed and utilized more readily than iron in other foods.The presence of these animal products in a meal increases the availability of iron from other foods.The body increases or decreases iron absorption according to need.The body absorbs iron more efficiently when iron stores are low and during growth spurts or pregnancy.The presence of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in a meal also increases iron absorption.Tea, coffee, or red wine; or an excess of zinc, manganese, or calcium can decrease iron absorption.The most common indication of an iron deficiency is iron deficiency anemia, a condition in which the size and number of red blood cells are reduced.This condition may result from inadequate intake of iron or from blood loss.Anemia results in decreased oxygen in the blood, and can cause tiredness, headaches, irritability, and or depression.Anemia can also be caused by heavy blood loss through heavy menses, ulcers, hemorrhoids, and colon cancer.Toxicity can occur if too much iron is absorbed.This is a rare condition and is caused by a distinct gene that favors excessive iron absorption if it is readily available in the diet.Saturation of iron in the tissues can lead to tissue damage, specifically damage to the liver and heart.How can we get enough iron?Eating a variety of foods that contain iron is the best way to get an adequate amount.Many doctors recommend feeding a fortified milk formula or breakfast cereal, or giving an iron supplement to infants and toddlers, because it is especially difficult to meet their iron needs.Doctors usually prescribe iron supplements for pregnant or lactating women.Soy products are typically good sources of iron as well.The list of foods in the table in this fact sheet will help you select those that are good sources of iron as you follow the Dietary Guidelines.The list of good sources was derived from the same nutritive value of foods tables used to analyze information for recent food consumption surveys of the U.Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Information Service.How to prepare foods to retain iron
Iron skillets used for cooking can add to the total iron intake of the food being cooked in them, especially when acidic foods are cooked (such as tomato sauce).However, iron can be lost using other cooking methods even under the best conditions.The amount of nutrient in a serving depends on the weight of the serving.For example, a cup of cooked spinach contains more iron than a cup serving of spinach served raw, because the cooked spinach weighs more.Therefore, the cooked spinach appears on the list, while the raw form does not.Breads, pasta, and cereals listed are enriched unless otherwise noted.See section on enriched or fortified foods.All values are based upon the U.RDA for iron, 18 milligrams per day.Advance data from Vital and Health Statistics, No.Hyattsville, MD, 1994, National Center for Health Statistics.Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005.United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Department of Agriculture.Sanders Company, Philadelphia, PA, 2000.Nutrient Content of the U.Home Economics Research Report No.Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc.McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 2002.Iron nuclei are very stable.Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life, and is the key component of haemoglobin.The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals.Iron metal is a silvery, lustrous metal which has important magnetic properties.Table: basic information about and classifications of iron.Name: Iron
Symbol: Fe
Atomic number: 26
Atomic weight: 55.Iron filings salts cause sparks in flames.The picture above shows the result from adding iron filings to a burning mixture of potassium chlorate and sucrose.This sample is from The Elements Collection, an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale.Isolation
Isolation: it is not normally necessary to make iron in the laboratory as it is available commercially.Small amounts of pure iron can be made through the purification of crude iron with carbon monoxide.The intermediate in this process is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5.Fe + 5CO
The Fe(CO)5 is a volatile oily complex which is easily flushed from the reaction vessel leaving the impurities behind.Other routes to small samples of pure iron include the reduction of iron oxide, Fe2O3, with hyrogen, H2.Nearly all iron produced commercially is used in the steel industry and made using a blast furnace.In essence, iron oxide, Fe2O3, is reduced with with carbon (as coke) although in the furnace the actual reducing agent is probably carbon monoxide, CO.Million Mark (From Studio Briefing.Skip Movie Ads (From Studio Briefing.Cast overview, first billed only) Robert Downey Jr.Trivia:
Just before the final press conference, Tony Stark is reading the newspaper with a grainy, amateur photograph of Ironman on the cover.That picture is part of an entire video shot by onlookers in a bush during initial filming of the movie that appeared on the Internet in the middle of 2007.Goofs:
Continuity: Stark secures his upgraded power supply in his chest by turning it clockwise (from our point of view) until it clicks into place.Tony Stark:
I feel like you're driving me to court martial.Tony Stark:
Good God, you're a woman!Tony Stark:
Well you have actually excellent bone structure there.FAQ
Is there an official Iron Man movie web site?Does War Machine appear in this movie or future sequels?What are the names of all of the songs that have been featured in Iron Man trailers?Sorry, there was a problem collecting your vote.Rest assured, Iron Man is an absolutely amazing movie.Most everyone knows
Iron Man is their first effort and what a great lead off film!This
movie helps take the comic book genre to the highest level.Men movies did this to a degree but only as far as
their respective studios wished to stay true to the source material.Anything added or amended was for the benefit of the live action
adaptation.Raimi
intentionally threw in a little cheese.Favreau adds nice bits of humor
but not too much.He also grounds the action and the suit of armor in
firm reality.What absolutely blew me
away were the phenomenal special effects.What I loved is the use of CGI was used to
augment the real life armor and not create something from scratch.As great as everything looked, what
really drives the movie is the emotional resonance and down to earth
nature of the plot.Was the above comment useful to you?Which superhero would be best in bed?How old are the people who liked this movie?Best lines in Iron Man?IMDb is powered by Perl and we are hiring!Phase at Room Temperature:SolidElement Classification:MetalPeriod Number:4Group Number:8Group Name:noneWhat's in a name?Iron's chemical symbol comes from the Latin word for iron, ferrum.History and Uses:Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using iron for at least 5000 years.Iron is the cheapest and one of the most abundant of all metals, comprising nearly 5.Iron is primarily obtained from the minerals hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4).H2O) and siderite (FeCO3) are other important sources.Huge amounts of iron are used to make steel, an alloy of iron and carbon.Steel typically contains between 0.The addition of other elements can give steel other useful properties.Small amounts of chromium improves durability and prevents rust (stainless steel); nickel increases durability and resistance to heat and acids; manganese increases strength and resistance to wear; molybdenum increases strength and resistance to heat; tungsten retains hardness at high temperatures; and vanadium increases strength and springiness.Steel is used to make paper clips, skyscrapers and everything in between.In addition to helping build the world around us, iron helps keep plants and animals alive.Iron plays a role in the creation of chlorophyll in plants and is an essential part of hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen within red blood cells.Iron sulfate (FeSO4) is used to treat the blood disease anemia.Electron Shell Configuration:1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2This page is maintained by Steve Gagnon.Basic Information
Name: Iron
Symbol: Fe
Atomic Number: 26
Atomic Mass: 55.MLA Format for Citing This Page
Bentor, Yinon.For more information about citing online sources, please visit the MLA's Website.This page was created by Yinon Bentor.Use of this web site is restricted by this site's license
agreement.Check the dates out here.Iron and Wine is now making their live shows available for download on www.Currently the site features seven shows from the North American East Coast tour.Click the "Downloads" link above to start downloading.We have added new Shepherd's Dog tshirts, hoodies, scarves, and totebags on our site.NPR's World Cafe will be airing a previously recorded interview and performance by Sam Beam.Listen on your local NPR station or stream it afterwards...Wine will be appearing as the musical guest on The Late Show with David Letterman on Friday, October 5th.Here is some more information...Iron
Iron has the longest and best described history among all
the micronutrients.NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase,
are also critical to energy metabolism (3).ROS), by catalyzing a reaction that converts hydrogen
peroxide to to water and oxygen.ROS in order to kill
them.HIF and consequently, physiologic
responses to hypoxia.Thus, iron is required for a number of vital functions, including
growth, reproduction, healing, and immune function.RNA (mRNA) that codes for key proteins in the regulation of iron storage
and metabolism.IRPs and prevents them from binding to iron response
elements on mRNA.When the iron supply is low, less iron binds to IRPs,
allowing increased binding of iron response elements.RNA that codes for the iron storage
protein, ferritin, is reduced because iron is not available for storage.Translation of mRNA that codes for the key regulatory enzyme of heme synthesis
in immature red blood cells is also reduced to conserve iron.RNA degradation, resulting in increased synthesis
of transferrin receptors and increased iron transport to cells (4).Vitamin A deficiency may exacerbate iron deficiency anemia.Adequate copper nutritional status appears to be necessary
for normal iron metabolism and red blood cell formation.Anemia is a clinical
sign of copper deficiency.High doses of iron supplements taken together with zinc
supplements on an empty stomach can inhibit the absorption of zinc.Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in
the U.Iron stores are depleted, but the functional iron supply
is not limited.The supply of functional iron is low enough to impair red
blood cell formation, but not low enough to cause measurable anemia.There is inadequate iron to support normal red blood cell
formation, resulting in anemia.B12 for information on other nutritional causes of anemia.Iron deficiency impairs athletic performance and physical work
capacity in several ways.Lactic acid production is also increased in iron deficiency
(13).High iron requirements are due to the rapid growth rates sustained
during this period (4).Early adolescence is another period of rapid growth.Individuals with chronic blood loss
Chronic bleeding or acute blood loss may result in iron deficiency.Thus, chronic loss of very small amounts of blood
may result in iron deficiency.Because iron from plant sources is less efficiently absorbed than that
from animal sources, the U.The following health problems and diseases may be prevented
through the treatment or prevention of iron deficiency.Several possible mechanisms link iron deficiency
anemia to altered cognition.Neurotransmitter synthesis may also be sensitive to iron deficiency
(13).Iron deficiency may increase the risk of lead poisoning
in children.Iron is required by most infectious agents, as well as by
the infected host in order to mount an effective immune response.HIV, tuberculosis, and typhoid
(19).These sensations are more common at rest and often interfere with
sleep (20).RLS occurs in some people
with iron deficiency and some RLS patients benefit from iron supplementation.RLS, suggesting that low brain iron concentrations
may play a role in RLS (21).Heme iron comes mainly from hemoglobin and myoglobin in
meat, poultry, and fish.The absorption of heme iron is less influenced by other
dietary factors than that of nonheme iron.Plants, dairy products, meat, and iron salts added to foods
and supplements are all sources of nonheme iron.Other organic acids: Citric, malic, tartaric,
and lactic acids have some enhancing effects on nonheme iron absorption.Phytic acid (phytate): Phytic acid is present
in legumes, grains, and rice and is an inhibitor of nonheme iron absorption.National surveys in the U.Thus, the majority of premenopausal and pregnant women in the U.RDA for iron and many men consume more
than the RDA.Iron supplements are indicated for the prevention and treatment
of iron deficiency.Individuals who are not at risk of iron deficiency
(e.If not stated otherwise, all of the iron doses discussed in this presentation
represent elemental iron.Several genetic disorders may lead to pathological accumulation
of iron in the body.Iron overload due to prolonged iron supplementation is very rare in healthy
individuals without a genetic predisposition.HFE) and the mutation
resulting in HH were only identified in 1996 (24).At present, the exact role of the protein encoded by the HFE gene
in intestinal iron absorption is not well understood (25).Iron overload in HH is treated by phlebotomy, the removal of 500 ml of
blood at a time, at intervals determined by the severity of the iron overload.HH, for example, individuals with a family history
of hemochromatosis.Iron overload may occur in individuals with severe hereditary
anemias that are not caused by iron deficiency.It has been hypothesized that a Mediterranean form of iron overload,
distinct from HH, also exists (28).Stools will often appear
darker in color.UL) for iron on the prevention
of gastrointestinal distress.It should be noted that the UL is not meant to apply to individuals being
treated with iron under close medical supervision.Source of intake should be from food and formula only.However, the relationship between dietary iron and cancer
risk in individuals without hemochromatosis is less clear (11).Therefore, it is best to take these medications two
hours apart from iron supplements.DV) for iron provides 18 mg of elemental
iron.While this amount of iron may be beneficial for premenopausal women,
it is well above the RDA for men and most postmenopausal women.Thus, older adults should not generally take nutritional supplements containing
iron unless they have been diagnosed with iron deficiency.Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on health aspects
of micronutrients and phytochemicals for the general public.The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent
health care or nutrition professional.
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