| J and K Productionz presents Mp3, J and K Productionz presents Music Lyrics
| |
J and K Productionz presents biography, J and K Productionz presents discography
Top artists ranked by popularity.Top artists ranked by popularity.At the
time this paper was written, (the early 1980's), building a large
HeNe laser tube was still more economically feasible as compared
to purchasing a laser of this size.These days with the large
surplus market of HeNe tubes, building a HeNe laser certainly is
not a positive economic undertaking, but may provide a unique
educational experience and a lesson in perseverance.The apparatus seems to consist merely of a
long neon sign tube with a pair of windows cemented at each end
along with two external parallel mirrors mounted outside the
laser cavity.Ne laser
requires a wide diversity of skill in glass blowing, fabricating
small parts, and operating a moderately high vacuum system.The discharge
electrodes were commercially made neon sign electrodes, thereby
eliminating the need to make homemade vacuum tight glass to metal
seals.Electrodes were attached to the ends of
each sidearm and then the sidearms were bent back parallel to the
main laser tube.The cutting was performed by using a dull hacksaw blade and
a wet slurry of sand abrasive.This tube provides a surface area for collisions of Ne
atoms in the 3s excited state to return back to the ground state.This tube was also made from lead glass and was 3 mm in diameter
and was 60 cm long.Brewster windows give the advantage of changing
mirrors and permit much easier mirror mounting and alignment as
shown in the pictures.Internal mirrors don't have the small
losses from windows, but require almost perfect alignment at the
time of tube manufacturer.Pictures of both laser tubes are seen
in this html report.After the
windows were cemented on using the proper epoxy glue, the laser
tube was ready for vacuum pumpdown.When the tube was
connected to the vacuum system and pumped out the pressure gauge
did indeed indicate a pressure about 10 millitorr.The
temperature of the tube wall also became quite hot.Subsequent
examination of the discharge spectra by a diffraction grating
showed the presence of N2 and O2 gas
impurities, presumably liberated from the walls of the glass tube
and metal electrodes.To remove N2 and O2
gas impurities that had leached from the electrodes and the tube
wall, the technique of ion bombardment was used.KV, 500 mA AC electrical discharge
across the tube.After the tube had cooled and the pressure reduced to
less than 1.Ne mixture was pumped into the
tube and brought up to a pressure of 3.Ne laser glow with no spectroscopic trace
of N2 or O2 gas impurities.The ion bombardment technique was
not without its drawbacks.Pyrex glass
internal tube was sealed in the main laser tube.The Pyrex glass
tube then survived the subsequent heating of ion bombardment.Using a very simple approach it would seem that the more
Ne gas present, the more power the laser would have.With a higher
pressure of Ne atoms the mean free path becomes short, hence a
greater time is taken for an excited Ne atom in the 3s state to
collide with the internal tube wall.Here metal atoms are vaporized and are then
deposited on the glass surrounding the cathode, thereby burying
He and Ne atoms.The total tube pressure is subsequently reduced,
thus increasing ion bombardment.This leads to a runaway effect
which rapidly ruins the laser tube.While this does sacrifice the power output somewhat,
the overall tube life is greatly increased.It was interesting to note that when the laser tube was
first turned on, no laser oscillation occurred.Only after some
slight adjustment of the mirror positioning set screws was laser
oscillation finally achieved.Later
on, the mounting system holding the laser tube was redesigned to
provide for both adjustable vertical and horizontal movement.Another problem that reduced the
laser output was dust on the inside of the Brewster windows.Prior to cementing the Brewster windows on the laser tube, the
windows were immaculately cleaned.At this point it was impossible to clean
the windows without breaking the tube seal.As a consequence of the scattering
at the Brewster windows the laser output was diminished.F, 20KV
HV capacitor in the lower right.HV rectifiers, and lots of jumper
clips to connect everything together.Another method to increase the laser output
was the use of the Zeeman effect.These two transitions are the 0.This
greatly increases the power output of the 0.With the laser discussed here forty small magnets were placed
along the laser tube axis.Isotopic grades of He and Ne would further increase power
outputs, but these type of gases were not obtainable.Sending the beam into a polarizing filter at a right angle to the
laser beam's polarization, completely blocked the light output at
the exit of the polarizer.The tube described in this report was operated periodically for
over five years before it finally succumbed to sputtering effects
and water vapor contamination from the epoxy seals.Jason Mraz Is Back With His Highly ...Yael Naim To Display New Soul To Am...New Jersey Super Band Apocket Bleu ...Randy Jacksons Music Club Vol.Smirnoff Launches Music Series Of C...Tickets on Sale for the PODER Benef...Lawrence Blatt is Selected as a Fin...Time Grammy Award Winning Art...Twisted Covers Presents Locals Cove...Shauna Burns Embarks On A Fascinati...Jazz fusion", features guest appearances from the legendary Paquito D"Rivera, to Canadian jazz luminaries such as Guido Basso and Hilario Duran, as well as the cream of Toronto's thriving Latin and jazz music scene.They are my friends and a source of motivation for me'.With a repertoire of material that include five original compositions, 4 classics from both the Cuban and North American Song Books and a dazzling samba by Paquito D"Rivera, all material on the CD arranged by Luis Mario.Luis Mario Ochoa's quest to combine the rhythms of his native Cuban music and its Caribbean and South American neighbors with the sophisticated harmonies in the jazz tradition.Showcasing his considerable skills as a vocalist, composer, guitarist and arranger extraordinaire, Luis Mario Ochoa has recorded an album destined to receive many repeat plays from Latin Jazz lovers, Cuban music fans, and the international growing jazz audience.Huge follow up after worldwide hit ameno.Huge follow up after worldwide hit ameno.Sweet Lullaby This underground release is a little odd.Top Tunes italianMAURIZIO VERBENI PRESENT DJ JURI FEAT T.Jahmirrahman (repress) presents Salvation EP (B.Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.
|
| |
|
 |
|
