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It is based on the theory of deterrence according to which the deployment of strong weapons is essential to threaten the enemy in order to prevent the use of the very same weapons.Theory
The doctrine assumes that each side has enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other side and that either side, if attacked for any reason by the other, would retaliate with equal or greater force.It is now generally assumed that the nuclear fallout or nuclear winter resulting from a large scale nuclear war would bring about worldwide devastation, though this was not a critical assumption to the theory of MAD.Proponents of MAD as part of U.USSR strategic doctrine believed that nuclear war could best be prevented if neither side could expect to survive a full scale nuclear exchange (as a functioning state).Since the credibility of the threat is critical to such assurance, each side had to invest substantial capital in their nuclear arsenals even if they were not intended for use.This MAD scenario is often referred to as nuclear deterrence.At the time, both sides lacked the means to effectively use nuclear devices against each other.The official nuclear policy of the United States was one of "massive retaliation", as coined by President Dwight D.Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, which called for massive attack against the Soviet Union if they were to invade Europe, regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear attack.During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet Union truly developed an understanding of the effectiveness of the U.For the remainder of the Cold War, although official positions on MAD changed in the United States, the consequences of the second strike from ballistic missile submarines was never in doubt.MIRV) was another weapons system designed specifically to aid with the MAD nuclear deterrence doctrine.Since each defensive missile could only be counted on to destroy one offensive missile, making each offensive missile have, for example, three warheads (as with early MIRV systems) meant that three times as many defensive missiles were needed for each offensive missile.This made defending against missile attacks more costly and difficult.The multiple warheads made defense untenable with the technology available, leaving only the threat of retaliatory attack as a viable defensive option.ICBMs are considered destabilizing because they tend to put a premium on striking first.Second strike capability
It was only with the advent of ballistic missile submarines, starting with the George Washington class in 1959, that a survivable nuclear force became possible and second strike capability credible.In McNamara's formulation, MAD meant that nuclear nations either had first strike or second strike capability.According to McNamara, the arms race was in part an attempt to make sure that no nation gained first strike capability.Late Cold War
The original doctrine of U.MAD was modified on July 25, 1980, with U.According to its architect, Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, "countervailing strategy" stressed that the planned response to a Soviet attack was no longer to bomb Russian population centers and cities primarily, but first to kill the Soviet leadership, then attack military targets, in the hope of a Russian surrender before total destruction of the USSR (and the United States).This modified version of MAD was seen as a winnable nuclear war, while still maintaining the possibility of assured destruction for at least one party.SDI was criticized by both the Soviets and many of America's allies (including Margaret Thatcher) because, were it ever operational and effective, it would have undermined the "assured destruction" required for MAD.If America had a guarantee against Soviet nuclear attacks, its critics argued, it would have first strike capability which would have been a politically and militarily destabilizing position.Despite its promise of nuclear safety, SDI was described by many of its critics (including Soviet nuclear physicist and later peace activist Andrei Sakharov) as being even more dangerous than MAD because of these political implications.The administration of George W.Ballistic Missile Treaty in June 2002, claiming that the limited national missile defense system which they propose to build is designed only to prevent nuclear blackmail by a state with limited nuclear capability and is not planned to alter the nuclear posture between Russia and the United States.While relations have improved and an intentional nuclear exchange is increasingly unlikely, the decay in Russian nuclear capability in the post Cold War era has had an effect on the continued viability of the MAD doctrine.An article by Keir Lieber and Daryl Press stated that the United States could carry out a nuclear first strike on Russia and would "have a good chance of destroying every Russian bomber base, submarine, and ICBM."This was attributed to reductions in Russian nuclear stockpiles and the increasing inefficiency and age of that which remains.Lieber and Press argued that the MAD era is coming to an end and that U.However, in a follow up article in the same publication, others criticized the analysis, including Peter Flory, the U.Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy, who began by writing "The essay by Keir Lieber and Daryl Press contains so many errors, on a topic of such gravity, that a Department of Defense response is required to correct the record."Official policy
Whether MAD was the officially accepted doctrine of the United States military during the Cold War is largely a matter of interpretation.The term MAD was not coined by the military but was, however, based on the policy of "Assured Destruction" advocated by U.The United States Air Force, for example, has retrospectively contended that it never advocated MAD and that this form of deterrence was seen as one of numerous options in U.Former officers have emphasized that they never felt as limited by the logic of MAD (and were prepared to use nuclear weapons in smaller scale situations than "Assured Destruction" allowed), and did not deliberately target civilian cities (though they acknowledge that the result of a "purely military" attack would certainly devastate the cities as well).MAD was implied in several U.Critics of the MAD doctrine note the similarity between the acronym and the common word for mental illness.During the Cold War there were several instances of false positives, as in the case of Stanislav Petrov.No possibility of camouflaging a launch.Again this assumption is challengable with for instance stealth aircraft but also with other means, such as smuggling weapons to the target undetected.Or, if they do, they will stop behaving as rogue states and subject themselves to the logic of MAD.No rogue commanders will have the ability to corrupt the launch decision process.No leader with launch capability would strike first and gamble that the opponent's response system would fail.If they did not regard a nuclear engagement as fatal, MAD would have been unable to deter them.Safe, a second film that takes a more serious view of the MAD situation.On Thermonuclear War Herman Kahn's book on thermonuclear deterrence.The Butter Battle Book
Red Alert, the Peter George book upon which Dr.WarGames, presented MAD by juxtaposing human fear with computed game theory
Veronica Mars had an episode during it's first season in refrance to Mutual Assured destruction called M.TV report on 2005 NPT Review on Google Video.External links
"The Rise of U.April 2006
In the Shadow of MAD, an article critical of the idea of MAD as US policy.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.PCM output, applications using MAD are
able to produce exceptionally high quality audio.PCM, applications can use the extra resolution to
increase the audible dynamic range through the use of dithering or noise
shaping.Because MAD uses integer computation rather than floating point, it is well
suited for architectures without a floating point unit.IEC standards, it is
unencumbered by the errors of other implementations.MAD is not a
derivation of the ISO reference source or any other code.Because MAD is available under
the terms of the GPL, it can be freely
used in other GPL software, and is also available for immediate evaluation
prior to obtaining a commercial license.Please contact
us to discuss commercial licensing terms.The
source code is available via FTP
and is also mirrored on
SourceForge.Ports and packages prepared by third parties are available for
Debian,
FreeBSD,
NetBSD,
and RISC OS.License
MAD is available under the terms of the
GNU General Public License, Version 2,
for either permanent use or for evaluation prior to obtaining a commercial
license.Please note that under the GPL, there is absolutely
no warranty of any kind.GPL licensing is also available.API is included with the library in
the source file minimad.API, see Bertrand Petit's
madlld.Applications Using MAD
The following third party applications use or plan to use MAD for audio
decoding.Domain Name Registration and Domain Name Forwarding by mydomain.Entering its 13th season, and celebrating its 300th episode, MADtv continues to dish out the laughs...Check out some of MADtv's sketches on YouTube.Visit MADtv's official group on MySpace.MADtv also welcomes four new cast members: Angelah Johnson, Johnny Sanchez lll, Daheli Hall, and Dan Oster.We have thousands of fun games for girls and guys from addictive developers like Armor Games, Games2Win, and, of course, AddictingGames!Quick Index:
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