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Look up norm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes.Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.In sociology, a norm, or social norm, is a rule that is socially enforced.Social sanctioning is what distinguishes norms from other cultural products or social constructions such as meaning and values.Reactions to Actions of Alter
1.Overview
Social norms can also be viewed as statements that regulate behavior and act as informal social controls.They are usually based on some degree of consensus and are enforced through social sanctions."An individual may change his behavior, especially his social actions, either to protect his interests under new external conditions or simply to promote them more effectively under existing conditions" (Weber 1978).These restrictions are a result of individuals associating pork with the disease trichinosis and changing their dietary habits accordingly.Though this model's arguments are at first appealing, it brings up two difficult questions: How does habitual behavior become normative, and how are changes in normative behavior brought about?How does habitual behavior become normative?Though this idea correctly emphasizes the importance of commonality, it fails to explain why certain behaviors (or objects) do or do not become inexplicably valuable.However, it can be claimed that any observed act will come to be considered as usual; consequently, deviation from what is expected violates the value of certainty that many individuals harbor (Opp 1982).The former is a regularity and the latter is a norm" (Cooter 1996, 1656; see also Weber 1978, 34).Though unlikely to change their behavior when norms become costly, individuals will praise those willing to do so; after a few have tested the waters, a domino effect of individuals who harbor less fear of social sanction will follow.This man asked this question to a complete stranger, he was following his injunctive norms (behaviors which are perceived as being approved of by other people) when asking this question the man also predicted the response he would get.Norms like these are generally taught to us as we grow up.Consistent with this approach is Gerry Mackie's (1996) reasoning behind female genital mutilation and foot binding.Men tend to have too many wives to keep track of in stratified polygamous societies, thus they use foot binding and genital mutilation as a signal of reliability.Thus, "people will approve of actions that result in positive outcomes for them and disapprove of those that have negative consequences" (Horne).Depending on the situation, individuals will favor norms that either discourage or encourage a certain reaction from others.However, the emergence of a normative rule is not necessarily caused by the mere existence of externalities.Linking behavior with negative effects
The ability to link behavior with negative effects gives individuals the chance to object to such behavior by others, thus making the dissemination of information more significant.With this model, it is apparent that behaviors that create externalities will be evaluated by the group and those that produce only personal consequences will not; these are the behaviors that become normative.Though this model allows norm content to be more easily predicted, it is only useful in situations in which the costs and benefits of externalities are determinative.Focusing most intently on meanings produced through negotiation, this model suggests that there must exist a common understanding of situations, behaviors, and roles in order for people to interact successfully.These commonalities (such as speaking the same language) have usually been established during past interactions."When individuals are placed in new situations, they are able to draw on their past experiences to evaluate what is happening and to assess what they ought to do" (Fine).When this occurs, the interaction can unfold successfully only if mutual understandings are negotiated.Negotiating common understandings
In her analysis of between spouses, Arlie Hochschild (1989) the conflicts that can occur when husbands and wives attach different meanings to a behavior.If one puts forth what he or she perceives to be a gift (for example, a husband offering to wash the dishes after dinner) that the other perceives as an entitlement (the wife believes that husbands are supposed to share housework), then both spouses feel unloved and unappreciated.Negotiating common meanings for these kinds of actions ensures a mutually rewarding relationship.Catalysts for negotiations
Gary Alan Fine relates the establishment of new common meanings to the similar experience among mushroom gatherers.He argues that "when individuals engage in behavior that conflicts with existing norms to which they adhere, a problematic situation is created" (Horne).Though mushroom gatherers accept norms supporting respect for natural life, they alter natural settings and thus, must justify their actions.Potential difficulties are also created by conflicts of interest.As is the nature of mushroom gathering, those who participate in such behavior must compete with each other and consequently create rules deciding who is entitled to what.As Fine aptly describes, a myriad of circumstances lead to the negotiation of new, commonly accepted meanings.This section does not cite any references or sources.Levels of enforcement, in decreasing order:
Violations of norms are punished with sanctions, possibly enforced by law.Folkways
A society's web of cultural rituals, traditions and routines.Deviation is not usually considered a serious threat to social organization and is thus sanctioned less severely than moral deviation.Example: In certain households in the U.Mores
Moral judgments that define wrong and right behavior, the allowed and the disallowed, what is wanted and not wanted within a culture."More than ambition, more than ability, it is rules that limit contribution; rules are the lowest common denominator of human behavior.They are a substitute for rational thought."The breaking of legal norms, or laws, invokes procedures and judgments through formal, legal institutions, such as police and the courts, set up to enforce them.This section does not cite any references or sources.Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources.Enforcement is vital when individual and group interests conflict, as it encourages people to act in a desired or appropriate way.Informal sanctioning by group members is the primary source of enforcement (Coleman 1990; Hechter 1984; Scott 1971).Most scholars argue that sanctioning is costly (Axelrod 1986).For example, it is beneficial when sanctioning results in the alteration of deviant behavior."In other words, to the extent that another's behavior produces externalities, discouraging that behavior will reduce those externalities.For some people the benefits of this reduction outweigh the costs of sanctioning, and they will punish such behavior" (Horne 2001).More often than not, however, individuals avoid sanctioning as the incentive is too small to motivate them.These reactions constitute metanorms that encourage sanctioning (Axelrod 1986).Thus, potential rewarder's relationships takes precedence, rather than the rewarding of sanctioners for changing rates of deviance.Experimental research has shown that although law has a direct effect on compliance, it also reduces the likelihood that group members will impose social sanctions (Horne 2000; Posner 1996).Just as some conditions weaken informal sanctioning, others may supplement it.So, when informal sanctions fail to prompt compliance, there are other processes that may coerce cooperative behavior.It is argued that when informal controls prove ineffective, a sense of trust is established amongst group members that allows them to involve themselves in successful interactions even if the assurances that controls provide is absent.In places like Japan where control mechanisms are established, antisocial behavior is consequently discouraged.If such sanctions do not exist, however, profitable exchanges require trust between individuals."Apparently, the existence of risk resulting from the lack of informal control creates the need for trust, which leads in turn to higher levels of cooperation behavior" (Kollock, 1994).This argument pushes the notion that trust comes about when controls are absent, and encourages cooperative behavior which otherwise would not exist.Various research and explanations geared toward the distribution of norms often emphasizes structural elements, such as network ties and position in the social structure or impersonal selection.Diffusion
Norms may become widespread as a result of diffusion (Horne 2001).In an effort to explain distribution of innovations within a group, Michael Macy and John Skvoretz (1998) explored the conditions under which cooperation spreads using computer simulations."They began by identifying decision rules (or norms) that actors might follow during interaction.As this process unfolds, norms favoring cooperation develop first in small, embedded groups and then diffuse outward as group members have contact with strangers" (Horne 2001).This finding showed that norms spread among people in the same role position, not just those engaged in personal contact.According to William Graham Sumner, "the operation by which folkways are produced consists in the frequent repetition of petty acts, often by great numbers ...It produces habit in the individual and custom in the group" (Park and Burgess 1924, 101).Melvin Kohn (1977) provides an example of work of this type.Ths proves that social structural position affects not only the norms people accept and enforce but values as well.Groups without adaptive norms fail, and those that have them persist (Romanelli 1991).They often predict that adaptive norms will survive, to the degree that they address content.Boyd and Richerson 1985, 205).Heteronormativity
Main article: Heteronormativity
Heteronormativity is a system of norms dictating the range of socially acceptable sexual and gender identities.It is based around the notion that all people fall into two categories, male and female, and that there are essentialized notions of how these two sexes are expected to act.Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources.Thus, a stable norm must constitute a Nash equilibrium.There exist various norms throughout the world.Equilibrium selection is closely related to coordination.Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich."The Evolutionary Emergence of Norms.""Activists, Authorities, and Media Framing of Drunk Driving.""The Regulation of Solidary Groups: The Influence of Legal and Nonlegal Sanctions on Collective Action.""Uncertainty, Trust, and Commitment Formation in the United States and Japan.""Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesive Versus Structural Equivalence."Introduction to The Science of Sociology.Class and Conformity: A Study in Values .Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Shared norms and the evolution of ethnic markers.Full text
Quah, Stella R.Sales, Arnaud, 2000, The International Handbook of Sociology.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms.This page was last modified 19:26, 14 December 2007.Michigan family has gone full circle in the Miss America pageant.Hannah Montana star's romance with Jonas Brothers' Nick Jonas is over, Us Weekly reports in its latest issue.Amy Winehouse has entered a rehab facility today, her record company announced Thursday.She is nominated in an incredible six categories.Funeral Director Dominic Carella told People magazine that arrangements have been made but nothing is going to happen today.He said he expects Ledger's father Kim to arrive at the funeral home tomorrow.Lutfi has avoided the questioning for months, having evaded being served a notice to appear by Federline's legal team.My Top 10 most stunning list would include: Miss California Melissa Chaty, Miss Colorado Maggie Ireland, Miss Kentucky Kaitlynne Postel, Miss Louisiana Amanda Joseph, Miss Maryland Shana Powell, Miss Minnesota Jennifer Hudspeth, Miss Illinois Ashley Hatfield, Miss New Jersey Amy Nicole Polumbo, Miss Rhode Island Ashley Bickford, and Miss Utah Jill Stevens.Miss Michigan Kirsten Haglund poses for the judges and members of the audience Wednesday in the Lifestyle and Fitness competition during the preliminary round of the Miss America pageant inside the Planet Hollywood Resort.Miss Michigan, took home the win in the Lifestyle and Fitness category Wednesday at the Planet Hollywood Resort.Rhode Island Ashley Bickford capturing the Lifestyle and Fitness competition during the preliminary rounds inside the Planet Hollywood Resort.For more pictures from the competition, take a look at the Photo Coverage section.Miss Iowa Diana Reed gets a hug from reigning Miss America Lauren Nelson as she receives her award Tuesday after winning the Talent event during the preliminary Miss America competitions inside the Planet Hollywood Resort.It was a great start for Miss Iowa Diana Reed on Tuesday as she was named the Talent champion during the Miss America preliminary competitions at the Planet Hollywood Resort.OSCAR NOMINEES ARRIVE, BUT WILL SHOW GO ON?MISS AMERICA TALENT COMPETITION (01.MISS AMERICA EVENTS AT PLANET HOLLYWOOD RESORT (01.CELINE DION'S FINAL SHOW AT CAESARS PALACE (12.PURE MANAGEMENT GROUP WEEKEND FIGHT SIGHTINGS (12.FIGHT PARTY AT JET NIGHTCLUB (12.KOI LAS VEGAS GRAND OPENING AT PLANET HOLLYWOOD RESORT (11.KOI RESTAURANT AFTER PARTY AT JET NIGHTCLUB (11."LOVE IN THE TIME OF CHOLERA" MOVIE SCREENING AT THE PALMS (11.GAVIN MALOOF'S HOUSEWARMING PARTY (10.KIM KARDASHIAN REALITY SHOW AT THE PALMS (09.VMA WEEKEND AT TAO LAS VEGAS (09.VMA WEEKEND AT LAX NIGHTCLUB (09.BRITNEY SPEARS HOSTS LAX NIGHTCLUB'S OPENER (08.BLUSH BOUTIQUE NIGHTCLUB DEBUTS AT WYNN (8.PALMS HOSTS PLAYBOY'S MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM (8.THE OSMONDS' 50TH ANNIVERSARY PARTY (8.PURE NIGHTCLUB'S MONTHLY MYSPACE PARTY (7.FERGIE CONCERT AT THE PALMS (7.UFC fighter Mike Swick and friend at LAX nightclub Wednesday inside the Luxor.Actor Sylvester Stallone, signing autographs and taking photos Thursday inside the Miracle Mile Shops at the Planet Hollywood Resort.David Williams, and fashion designer Trace Ayala.May, dining together Wednesday at N9NE steakhouse (Palms).Dana White, stopping by Playboy Club (Palms) on Wednesday.Former boxing champion Mike Tyson with friends Tuesday at Pure nightclub inside Caesars Palace.Wednesday at Madame Tussauds in Las Vegas.NFL star Simeon Rice, checking out Pure nightclub (Caesars Palace) on Tuesday with separate parties.Actor Henry Winkler, dining Monday at Rao's restaurant (Caesars Palace).Actors Andy Garcia and Billy Crystal, dining Sunday at Rao's restaurant (Caesars Palace) with separate parties.Actress Tiffani Thiessen will host her 34th birthday party Friday at Pure nightclub inside Caesars Palace.For table reservations, call 702.For more information, log on at www.Mezzanine level in the High Limit Gaming area just outside of The Living Room.For more information, call Prive Las Vegas at 702.Pure nightclub, which is also home to the Pussycat Dolls Lounge.For table reservations, call 702.The red carpet is scheduled for 11:30 p.Country music legend George Strait will add excitement to Super Bowl weekend with his performance Saturday, February 2 inside the MGM Grand Garden Arena.Country singles, recently scoring his 53rd No.To purchase tickets, log on at www.Please visit any Ticketmaster location or call 702.The Pearl Box Office is open from 12 p.For more information on upcoming concerts, call 702.Las Vegas when the group performs at The Pearl on March 18, 2008, inside the Palms.Alanis Morrissette and group Mute Math.You can also log on at www.Comedian Margaret Cho brings her satirical views on life to The Pearl at the Palms on Saturday, March 29 at 8 p.For more information on upcoming concerts, call 702.Editable Code
Copyright 2006 www.The Norm on Mobile: Download THE NORM to your cell phone!.What's new at The Norm Store?The softback edition is like comic gold.And the hardbound edition is even more special!It's bound with endpapers that cuddle the precious insides.Why do I need a password to read Knocked Out Loaded?Same reason you have to pay to go out to dinner.This video has been added to your favorites.The video has been added to your playlist.This video will appear on your blog shortly.Content of this nature is not necessarily prohibited on YouTube, however we will review this video and take action as appropriate.There may be significant legal penalties for false notices.Please refer to our Help Center for more information and the complete instructions.In order to process a privacy complaint we need more information from you.Thank you for sharing this video!Change this to see only comments above a certain value.Change the value of a comment by clicking on a thumb.Make of them what you will.This weblog is part experimental playground, part soap box, and part pleasant diversion for me.If you'd like to follow along, you can subscribe to one or more of several feeds.Houston, you are go for comments, 23 Jan 2008
In SelfReference
Something broke a bit of logical inference in the build system.Without the inference that comments were allowed, they weren't.I'm trying to understand some of them.Changing my spots, 20 Jan 2008 (modified 21 Jan 2008)
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The Working Group has agreed to adjust the XProc syntax one more time.One last time, I sincerely hope.Back in Mac, 21 Dec 2007 (modified 04 Jan 2008)
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My Mac's back (sortof).Next time I have to do the reinstall dance, these notes will help.Dec 2007
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Earlier this week, I presented the current state of XProc to the XML 2007 crowd.If you weren't there, or even if you were, the slides are now online.Parallel windows redux, 01 Dec 2007
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Back in Cairo, the alabaster mosque of Muhammad Ali and the mosque and school of Sultan Hassan.Egypt: Day 9 (31 Oct 2007), 20 Nov 2007 (modified 21 Nov 2007)
In Egypt, Photography, and Travel
Cruising north to Luxor.
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