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N3 biography, N3 discography
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.This page was last modified on 26 March 2008, at 07:42.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.Status: This document, with its linked grammars and test suites, is
the definitive N3 specification.It may be put into W3C note form, or even Recommendation track form, in the future.It has subsets, one of which is RDF 1.RDF plus a form of RDF rules.There is also a list of other
N3 resources.This language has ben developed in the context of the Semantic
Web Interest Group.Formulae allowing N3 graphs to be quoted within N3 graphs using
Variables and quantification to allow rules, etc to be
expressed
A simple and consistent grammar.Grammar
The grammar of N3 is defined by a context free grammar linked
below.W3C liaison meeting established that the
mime type would be formally awarded when the N3 specification was
in a 'published' form.In the mean time, it should be used
as part of the point of N3 is to be human readable,
and so the text tree is indicated.Fragment identifier syntax and semantics
The fragment identifier part of a URI where the rest of the URI
is that of an information resource which has a representation in N3
is used to identify any thing whatever, abstract or concrete.The N3 representation may give information about that thing by
including its URI as one of the terms in a statement.The fragment identifier syntax should match the syntax for the
part of a qname after the colon.It is good practice to use URIs of this form to
identify things, and to ensure that the N3 document which is served
to the inquirer contains useful information which the publisher of
the information, and owner of the URI, considers relevant, useful
and interesting to any agent (human or machine) dereferencing the
URI.It is good practice to include statements relating the thing
to other things, also identified by URIs.Whitespace
Tokenizing and white space is not specified in the grammar for
simplicity.White space must be inserted whenever the following
token could start with a character which could extend the preceding
token.This allows complex URIs to be broken onto several
lines, which in turn allows N3 to be sent for example of email
systems in which a limited line length.All URIs are delimited by angle brackets.URI to be used for the parsing of relative URIs.The namespace prefix may be empty, in which case the qname
starts with a colon.This is known as the default namespace.Qnames using the default namespace which has an
empty prefix start with a colon.In many languages similar to N3, there is a risk of
ambiguity as to whether a naked alphanumeric string is a keyword
or an identifier.N3 is designed to be extended in the
future, and possibly branched into specific languages such as query
languages.For this reason, an N3 document can declare which
keywords it uses without the at sign.This allows N3 to be extended
without the danger that existing documents be incorrectly
interpreted by future systems, or future documents by existing
systems.The Unicode sets have been defined to be compatible
with those used in XML 1.N3 strings represent ordered sequences of Unicode characters.In N3, the double quote character is used for strings.The
single quote character is reserved for future use.The single quote
character does not need to be escaped in an N3 string.RDF and N3 are defined in terms of characters,
not bytes.The hexadecimal digit as in unicode escapes are UPPERCASE.Semantics
This section describes the meaning of the
productions in the grammar
An N3 document encodes a set of statements, and its meaning is
the conjunction of the meaning of the statements.When p is identified by a URI, and that URI when
dereferenced in the Web gives some information, that information
may in practice be used to determine more information about the
semantics of the statement.Shorthand for common predicates
For three URIs commonly used as predicates, N3 provides a
special shorthand syntax.This may only be used in the predicate
position in a statement.The RDF type predicate shorthand is the
keyword a.Blank nodes
There are several ways in N3 of representing a blank, or unnamed
node: the underscore namespace, the square bracket syntax, and the
path syntax.Underscore namespace
N3 allows has a special _: namespace prefix.An identifier of such
a form (e.When formulae are nested, _: blank nodes syntax used to only identify
blank node in the formula it occurs directly in.This is the one blank node syntax
available even in the NTriples minimal subset of N3.You can read it as "x's p".This is a little reminiscent of the "."For either forward or backward traversal, p
is a property, and x can be a whole path with both !Anyone whose mother is
Joe's mother.However
RDF itelf has no datatype allowing a graph as a literal value.N3
extends RDF allows a graph itself to be referred to within the
language, where it is known as a formula.Ora which wrote anything titled "Moby
Dick".There is a also a
shorthand syntax ?The semantics of a formula are than the contents are quoted.Variable substitution does recursively take place
within a formula, but substitution of equals does
not.The variable substitution is used for example
when formulae are used for rules, and patch file formats.Certain propoerties may, by their semantics, allow the
propagataion of substitution of equals, by agents which are aware
of that semantics.G' is the result or substituiting b for a
in G.All directives declare variables which are
universally quantified: the formula is true for any value of the
variable.Some gives an existential
quantification: there exists some value of the variable for which
the formula is true.Lists
Notation3 in practice uses lists frequently, as ordered containers,
as argument lists to Nary functions, and so on.The use of rdf:first and rdf:rest can be
seen as a reification of the list datatype.This use of lists requires more axioms than are actually defined in
the RDF specification.Lists are the same RDF node if they have the same the:first and
the same rdf:rest.Occasionally people express surprise that statements like the one
above which have a list as a subject but no information about it
disappear when loaded into an N3 store.These syntax strings identify values which are members
of various classes of number.There is no distinction between the rationals 1.See XML Schema Datatypes)
Whilst complex numbers (with integer, rational or
real parts) are a reasonable class to add, it is not seen as a
priority at the moment.The literal syntax for decimals as 1.DAWG working group in January 2006.Appendix: N3 Subsets
For various purposes it is useful to define limited subsets of
the language.These are defined in terms of N3 by grammar.It was designed for the RDF test suite parser reference output.Turtle
is another subset, for only expressing RDF.Grammars for N3 subsets are linked below.This is an N3 language which is
constrained so that only correct RDF graphs can be defined.This is
all you need for data.Acknowledgements
Dan Connolly wrote the first N3 parser.Yosi Scharf created the parser test
suites and worked on consistency between grammar, test suites and
code.Thanks to all implementers on N3 software in all countries
and langauges!N3Resources document split from this
one.Added decimal literals, and true and false, in coordination
with SPARQL.New Syntaxes for RDF summarizes the state of the art as of
2004.N3QL, a draft proposal for an RDF
query language.Notation 3 Logic An
operational semantics for N3.This article shows you how to get started.RDF
in its XML syntax, but easier to scribble when getting started.Everything, be it subject, verb, or object, is identified with a Uniform
Resource Identifier.The verb "knows" is in RDF called a "property" and thought of as a noun
expressing a relation between the two.There is not much left learn about using N3
to express data, so let us move on.Sharing concepts
The semantic web can't define in one document what something means.URI reference always refers to the document
it is written in.This won't mean much to the reader.Getting into the Semantic Web and RDF using N3".Getting into the Semantic Web and RDF using N3".This is how you will see and write almost all
your predicates in N3.These are the RDF, RDF schema, and OWL namespaces, respectively.Now you understand how to write
data in N3, you can start making up your own vocabularies, because they are
just data themselves.When you want to define a new
vocabulary you define new classes of things and new properties.The property which tells you what type something is is
rdf:type which can be abbreviated to N3 to just a.Person, AnimateObject, Animal, TallPerson, Friend, and so on.Sometimes when a relationship exists between two things, you immediately
know something about them, which you can express as a class.This is not a rule, but it is a good convention to stick to.Note also that because the domain of rdfs:range and rdfs:domain themselves is
rdf:Property, it follows that :sister is a rdf:Property without it being
stated explicitly.This is a really useful titbit of information for any
machine or person dealing with the information!When you define your own vocabulary which includes synonyms, do
record the equivalence because this, likewise, will help present and future
processors process your and others' data in meaningful ways.People developing software
which uses the terms need to know in particular detail exactly what each URI
means.Woman which should work in any
browser to display the definition document.That way, many years down the road,
RDF data using your terms will still be documented and potentially
understandable.Of course if you are just playing around, you can use a file (say
mydb.N3 (as in HTML), the URIs can be specified
relative to the current location.More
Now you know all you need to start creating your own vocabularies, or
ontologies, and you have pointers to where to look for the richer ways of
defining them.You don't have to go any further, as what you have now will
allow you to create new applications, and create schemas, data files, and
programs which interchange and manipulate data for the semantic web.These come with less tutorial
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