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Oxytocin biography, Oxytocin discography
"The hormone best known for its role in inducing labor may
influence our ability to bond with others, according to researchers at the
University of California, San Francisco.In a preliminary study, the hormone oxytocin was shown to be associated
with the ability to maintain healthy interpersonal relationships and
healthy psychological boundaries with other people."Our study indicates
that oxytocin may be mediating emotional experiences in close
relationships."The study builds upon previous knowledge of the
important role oxytocin plays in the reproductive life of mammals.In humans, oxytocin stimulates milk ejection during lactation, uterine
contraction during birth, and is released during sexual orgasm in both men
and women.Turner and her colleagues tested the idea that oxytocin is released in
response to intense emotional states in addition to physical cues.Blood samples were taken
before, during, and after each of the three events to measure baseline
oxytocin levels in the bloodstream and any change."We decided to look at the interpersonal characteristics of individual women
to see if there was a correlation with changes in their oxytocin levels,"
said Turner, who is also the director of Student Research at the California
School of Professional Psychology, Alameda campus.Different questionnaires, including the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
and the Adult Attachment Scale, were used to assess each woman's
previous experiences with personal and close relationships.The results
were significantly correlated with the recorded changes in bloodstream
oxytocin levels.Women whose oxytocin levels rose in response to massage and remembering
a positive relationship reported having little difficulty setting
appropriate boundaries, being alone, and trying too hard to please others.Women whose oxytocin levels fell in response to remembering a negative
emotional relationship reported greater problems with experiencing anxiety in
close relationships.In addition, women who were currently involved in a committed
relationship experienced greater oxytocin increases in response to positive
emotions than single women.Because oxytocin is released in men and women during
sexual orgasm, it may be involved in adult bonding, said Turner.There is
also speculation that in addition to facilitating lactation and the birthing
process, the hormone facilitates the emotional bond between mother and child."Evolutionarily speaking, it makes sense that during pregnancy and
the postpartum, both a woman's body and her mind would be stimulated to
nurture her child," said Turner.Oxytocin may also play a role in the higher levels of depression
and interpersonal stress seen in women, said Turner.Turner and her
colleagues hope that their work on oxytocin will guide future research on the
psychiatric conditions of men and women."Our results provide the groundwork for further studies looking at the
way hormones may be affecting human attachment," said Turner."We know
that oxytocin is one of the hormones that can facilitate bonding in other
animals, but this is the first step in exploring whether it plays a role in
the emotional behavior of humans."HPA rats
The evolution of emotion
Oxytocin and social interaction
Can oxytocin treat mental illness?Cynics may argue that the scenario of lifelong egoistic bliss is more plausible.Oxytocin in a nine amino acid peptide that is synthesized in hypothalamic neurons and transported down axons of the posterior pituitary for secretion into blood.Oxytocin is also secreted within the brain and from a few other tissues, including the ovaries and testes.Oxytocin differs from antidiuretic hormone in two of the nine amino acids.Both hormones are packaged into granules and secreted along with carrier proteins called neurophysins.For example, administration of oxytocin to species ranging from mice to humans has revealed a number of effects on social behavior.Stimulation of milk ejection (milk letdown): Milk is initially secreted into small sacs within the mammary gland called alveoli, from which it must be ejected for consumption or harvesting.Mammary alveoli are surrounded by smooth muscle (myoepithelial) cells which are a prominant target cell for oxytocin.Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells, causing milk to be ejected into the ducts and cisterns.Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction at birth: At the end of gestation, the uterus must contract vigorously and for a prolonged period of time in order to deliver the fetus.During the later stages of gestation, there is an increase in abundance of oxytocin receptors on uterine smooth muscle cells, which is associated with increased "irritability" of the uterus (and sometimes the mother as well).Oxytocin is released during labor when the fetus stimulates the cervix and vagina, and it enhances contraction of uterine smooth muscle to facilitate parturition or birth.During parturition, there is an increase in concentration of oxytocin in cerebrospinal fluid, and oxytocin acting within the brain plays a major role in establishing maternal behavior.Evidence for this role of oxytocin come from two types of experiments.Second, administration into the brain of antibodies that neutralize oxytocin or of oxytocin antagonists will prevent mother rats from accepting their pups.Other studies support the contention that this behavioral effect of oxytocin is broadly applicable among mammals.While all of the effects described above certainly occur in response to oxytocin, doubt has recently been cast on its necessity in parturition and maternal behavior.Mice that are unable to secrete oxytocin due to targeted disruptions of the oxytocin gene will mate, deliver their pups without apparent difficulty and display normal maternal behavior.However, they do show deficits in milk ejection and have subtle derangements in social behavior.It may be best to view oxytocin as a major facilitator of parturition and maternal behavior rather than a necessary component of these processes.Males synthesize oxytocin in the same regions of the hypothalamus as in females, and also within the testes and perhaps other reproductive tissues.Pulses of oxytocin can be detected during ejaculation.Current evidence suggests that oxytocin is involved in facilitating sperm transport within the male reproductive system and perhaps also in the female, due to its presence in seminal fluid.Control of Oxytocin Secretion
The most important stimulus for release of hypothalamic oxytocin is initiated by physical stimulation of the nipples or teats.For example, oxytocin neurons are repressed by catecholamines, which are released from the adrenal gland in response to many types of stress, including fright.Both the production of oxytocin and response to oxytocin are modulated by circulating levels of sex steroids.The burst of oxytocin released at birth seems to be triggered in part by cervical and vaginal stimulation by the fetus, but also because of abruptly declining concentrations of progesterone.Last updated on April 28, 2007
Author: R.OxytocinA hormone that stimulates the uterus to contract during child birth and the breasts to release milk.Produced also by the corpus luteum of sheep, and perhaps other animals.Involved in the release of PGF2a which induces luteolysis.Overview Oxytocin is a hormone naturally produced in the part of the brain called the hypothalamus.This hormone is especially important in reproduction.Oxytocin increases the ability of sodium molecules to pass into the muscles of the uterus.This effect causes the uterus to contract.In birth, this helps to move the fetus into the birth canal.Oxytocin administration can also lead to the release of milk from the breasts.Sandoz) and various generic preparations Veterinary formulations: Various generic preparations Uses of Oxytocin The primary use of oxytocin is to induce labor in animals having weak or no contractions.The drug enhances uterine contractions at the time of fetal delivery.Oxytocin is also used medically to expel any residual placental material that might be left in the uterus.This may prevent the subsequent development of metritis.Oxytocin helps to stimulate milk release after delivery.Precautions and Side Effects While generally safe and effective when prescribed by a veterinarian, oxytocin can cause side effects in some animals.Oxytocin should not be used in animals with known hypersensitivity or allergy to the drug.Oxytocin may interact with other medications.Consult with your veterinarian to determine if other drugs your pet is receiving could interact with oxytocin.Oxytocin should not be used if the fetus is in an abnormal position or is too large to pass through the birth canal.Oxytocin should only be used if the cervix is dilated.Oxytocin should not be used if an animal has uncorrected low blood sugar or untreated low blood calcium.If inappropriately used, oxytocin can cause uterine rupture or pain from excessive uterine cramping.This form of oxytocin is not for use to stimulate uterine contractions and should not be used for that purpose.Dosing Information Medication should never be administered without first consulting your veterinarian.There is a wide dose range for oxytocin, depending on the stage of labor.Typically, oxytocin is given to dogs and cats at a dose of 2 to 20 units intravenous or intramuscular.Find What You Were Looking For?Send Me Pet Health Tips,Alerts, Pet Photos and More...Effects of emotional input on oxytocin release.Effects of opioids on oxytocin release.When the infant is suckled, afferent impulses
from sensory stimulation of nerve terminals in the areolus travel to the central nervous
system where they promote the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary.The passage of milk through the ducts is facilitated by
longitudinally arranged myoepithelial cell processes whose contraction shortens and widens
the ducts, allowing free flow of milk to the nipple.At one extreme, the rabbit nurses once a day, apparently ejecting about 250
grams o milk in two to five minutes in response to a single spurt of oxytocin.The contractions last about 1 minute and occur with a frequency of 4 to 10
contractions per 10 minutes (Cobo et al, 1967).In addition to its action on the mammary gland, oxytocin causes uterine contractions
particularly in the term and postpartum uterus.Vigneaud received the Nobel prize in 1955.Because of their large size the magnocellular neurons that release oxytocin have
received extensive study.Some of
the dendrites have varicosities that suggest that they release oxytocin locally within the
hypothalamus, a suggestion that is supported by several observations suggesting that local
oxytocin is an essential regulator of the milk ejection reflex.After
cleavage to smaller subunits the prohormone is packaging into secretory granules and
transported down the axonal processes of the magnocellular neurons to the posterior
pituitary.There it is further cleaved to oxytocin and its binding protein, a 10 kD
neurophysin.The neural controls underlying oxytocin release during lactation in the rat have
received extensive investigation using an experimental paradigm in which lactating rats
are separated from their pups for several hours, anesthetized with urethane and then
reunited with the pups.The reader is referred to an excellent reveiw by Crowley and
Armstrong (1992) for more detail.The afferent somatosensory pathway from the nipple is
thought to project through the spinal cord via the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus to
the lateral cervical nucleus.Finally
there is mounting evidence for stimulatory effects of prolactin acting at the level of the
neurohypophysis to play a role in oxytocin release possibly as part of a bidirectional
feedback positive feedback loop in which oxytocin also facilitates prolactin release.Effects of emotional input on oxytocin release.In relaxed, undisturbed women suckling their infants oxytocin release
begins with the onset of suckling or even prior to suckling (McNeilly et al.When the suckling women were asked to carry out
difficult mental calculations while nursing the infant or fed traffic noise through
earphones the number of oxytocin pulses was significantly reduced.Effects of alcohol on oxytocin release.Ethyl alcohol is a
potent inhibitor of oxytocin release.Effects of opioids on oxytocin release.In a single report (Coiro et al.The gene spans about 17 kilobases on chromosome 3
(3p26.The rat gene has also
been cloned (Rozen et al.Oxytocin appears to stimulate the growth of myoepthelial cells both in vitro and
in vivo.There is also evidence for involvement of
intracellular calcium stores from studies of the effects of oxytocin on tissue pieces (Da
Costa et al.That oxytocin release is necessary for the maintenance of lactation is shown by studies
on oxytocin null mice (LINK TO ARTICLE).Since it has long been known that milk removal
from the breast was necessary for continued milk secretion, it is not surprising to find
that homozygous oxytocin null mice are unable to maintain their litters.Synthesis, transport and release of posterior pituitary hormones.Effect of different doses of ethanol on the milk ejection reflex in
lactating women.Inhibition by ethanol of the oxytocin response to breast
stimulation in normal women and the role of endogenous opioids .Comparative physiology of milk removal.Neurochemical regulation of oxytocin
secretion in lactation.Effects of oxytocin, prolactin and ionomycin on triacylglycerol
release from rat mammary gland slices.Structural organization of the human oxytocin receptor gene.Hypothalamic pathways containing oxytocin,
vasopressin and associated neurophysins.In International Conference on the
Neurohypophysis, eds.The Ultimate Review of 2007.Revised, updated, and still unrivaled.The world's premier software reference source.Just copy the HTML code fragment provided below to create the link and then paste it within your web content.For more details about this feature, visit our Webmaster and Blogger Tools page.ContentFactoryException: sql exception geting citation html xml java.More from Britannica on "oxytocin"...Synthetic oxytocin has since become ...Oxytocin occurs naturally as a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, or it can be made synthetically.Physiologically, it promotes the secretion of breast milk and stimulates the contraction of the uterus during labour.Oxytocin may be used to induce labour, especially when gestation approaches or exceeds 40 weeks.Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin evolved from a single primordial neurohypophyseal hormone called vasotocin, which is present in lower vertebrates.The pituitary gland (also called the hypophysis) is a small, oval structure under the brain.In some animals, the adenohypophysis includes an intermediate lobe.HTTPS is to be used
if (log_location."You must enter a search term."RxList does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
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