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Did you know...Check them out and nominate your group.Join in the fight against this unacceptable treatment.Want to help answer other questions?NPA Personality TheoryPersonality theory based on the genetic traits of narcissism, perfectionism and aggressionA.The trait P is also assumed to function at the level of the central nervous system and to act as a modifier of the expression of traits A and N.Predictive aspects of NPA model 8 Criticism and controversy 9 References10 Citations 11 Illustrations12 SourceWhat is personality?Studies of the heritability of personality factors conducted with identical and fraternal twins emphasize the importance of genetics in behavior.Each of these traits is assumed to exist as the expression of a single major pleiotropic gene.The stereotypic acts associated with this trait involve body posturing, gestures, and eye contact of intimidation and deference, with individuals having this trait continually competing with each other on a scale of dominance and submission.In a pejorative connotation the trait may reveal itself in the context of sadism or sadomasochism.During the expression of this rage, the facial complexion of pallor is accentuated.NarcissismThe trait of narcissism is noted to be less labile than that of aggression (where individuals may be constantly altering their character states on a scale of dominance and submission).The trait corresponds to a striving for glory in one's environment, representing the second main component of human ambition.An associated facial expression includes the radiant gingival smile (broadly exposing the gums and teeth).The stereotypic acts associated with the trait of perfectionism are obsessiveness, compulsiveness, repetition, and the maintenance of neatness, order and symmetry.The behavioral pattern is often ritualistic and the speech characterized by echolalia.Character typesThe notion that humans exhibit only a limited number of discrete character types can be traced back to the time of the ancient Greeks, in particular to the theory of humors (blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm).The NPA model attempts to relate genetic NPA types to these character types of antiquity, as well as to the classic personality disorders of modern psychiatry.In the NPA model this type is the equivalent of the sanguine character type described by the ancients.In the NPA model this is the classic choleric character type of antiquity.NA) type is regarded to be a composite of the previously described narcissistic and aggressive types.NPA) type was not explicitly described by Horney, although she did note that the three traits can coexist in the same individual.In the model the state of submission most often has a genetic basis, the result of a congenital, inherited, incomplete expression of the gene for the trait A.However, the model also allows for environmental causes, the state of submission being induced during the juvenile period on the basis of environmental constraints to character development.That is, phenocopies (based on environmental factors) of a genetically disposed submissive state may exist.In the therapeutic setting this is a cyclothymic or dependent histrionic personality.Resignation: resigned character typesIn the character state of resignation the trait of aggression is stunted after maturity because of environmental constraints.Unlike submissive types who readily involve themselves in the relative competition of dominance and submission (and sometimes sadomasochism), resigned types remain relatively detached from such activities and only with difficulty can be stressed to a state of active aggression.Thus, NPA theory predicts that the categories of borderline personality and schizophrenia are heterogeneous, depending on the underlying NPA character structure.In the extreme, some of these relationships fall into the category of sadomasochism.Mendelian transmission of NPA traitsOn the basis of archetypal examples, the model assumes that in their full expression the NPA traits are transmitted by autosomal genes, with traits A and N being recessive and trait P being transmitted in the dominant mode.P, on the assumption that the trait is always transmitted with complete penetrance.Such individuals can arise de novo so long as at least one of the parents is an NP and PA individual, respectively.PA individuals must have at least one parent who is of either the PA or A type.Implications of a trait theory based on geneticsPopulation GeneticsA trait theory based on genetics would imply that the personality structure of a population could be expressed in definitive mathematical terms.With the usual assumptions of gene frequencies n, p and a and random mating, expressions for the relative incidences of dominant character types are given in the Table 2.Weinberg equilibrium would not hold, the incidences below representing the phenotypes of the first generation only.Relatively small changes in gene frequencies could cause large changes in the phenotype frequencies.Other hypothetical distributions of dominant NPA character types, for any combination of gene frequencies, may be calculated here.Studies with primates could confirm a biological basis for behavior in the areas of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology.The slow progress of unraveling of the genetic basis of personality is the subject of a recent review article by Jang and colleagues.The NPA model posits narcissism to be a genetic trait, being related to the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, just as aggression is classically related to the sympathetic branch.Given the recent advances in deciphering the human genome, such scrutiny may soon be possible.The ideas of Karen Horney have been resilient over time, and the validity of her observations that form the basis of the NPA model awaits the relevant studies in the realm of behavioral genetics.Neurosis and Human Growth, Norton, 1950.Our Inner Conflicts, Norton, 1945.Horney, Neurosis and Human Growth, Chapter 4: Neurotic pride.Horney, New Ways in Psychoanalysis, Chapter 5: The concept of narcissism.Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, Chapter 4: Moving against people.Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, Chapter 12: Sadistic trends.Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, Chapter 3: Moving toward people.Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, Chapter 5: Moving away from people.Horney, Neurosis and Human Growth, Chapter 10: Morbid dependency.Benis, Toward Self and Sanity, Chapter 10: Genetics.Benis, Toward Self and Sanity.Fish and Wildlife Service (in public domain).SourceNote: This article originally appeared in Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia in May2006, having been submitted to them at their request.
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