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Barbarossa, middle, flanked by his two children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke Frederick VI (right).June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy at Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155.He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178.Reign and Cathar wars
1.Early years
Frederick was born in 1122.Bamberg were at his deathbed.Rise to power
Anxious to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under Charlemagne and Otto I the Great, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy.Issuing a general order for peace, he made lavish concessions to the nobles.Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and Valdemar I of Denmark and began negotiations with the East Roman emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.On his accession Frederick had communicated the news of his election to Pope Eugene III, but had neglected to ask for the papal confirmation.In March 1153, Frederick concluded the treaty of Constance with the Pope whereby, in return for his coronation, he promised to defend the papacy, to make no peace with king Roger II of Sicily or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene and to help Eugene regain control of the city of Rome.He left Italy in the autumn of 1155 to prepare for a new and more formidable campaign.Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especially in Bavaria, but general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorous measures.The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from Henry II Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the House of Guelph, whose father had previously held both duchies.His uncle, Otto of Freising, wrote an account of Frederick's reign entitled Gesta Friderici I imperatoris (Deeds of the Emperor Frederick).His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead...His whole face is bright and cheerful.Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently.This expedition resulted in the establishment of imperial officers in the cities of northern Italy, the revolt and capture of Milan, and the beginning of the long struggle with Pope Alexander III.In response to his excommunication by the pope in 1160, Frederick declared his support for Antipope Victor IV.Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion of Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, influence and territorial gains.The next visit to Italy in 1163 saw his plans for the conquest of Sicily ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him, brought together mainly by opposition to imperial taxes.In October 1166, he went once more on journey to Italy to secure the claim of his Antipope Paschal III, and the coronation of his wife Beatrice as Holy Roman Empress.This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany.Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time.Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Legnano near Milan, on May 29, 1176, where he was wounded and for some time was believed to be dead.In the Peace of Venice, 1177, Frederick and Alexander III reconciled.The Lombard cities, however, continued to fight until 1183, when, in the Peace of Constance, Frederick conceded their right to freely elect town magistrates.Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1174.Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that Imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw.He then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring his cousin to his knees.Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit in November 1181.Crusades and the last days
After making his peace with the Pope, Frederick embarked on the Third Crusade (1189), a massive expedition in conjunction with the French, led by king Philip Augustus, and the English, under Richard Lionheart.From there they pushed on through Anatolia (where they were victorious in two battles) and Cilician Armenia.The exact circumstances are unknown to Western scholars (Islamic scholars of the time related his death to the will of God).Western scholars suggest that he was jumping in when the shock of the cold water caused him to have a heart attack at the age of 64.Frederick's death plunged his army into chaos.Only 5,000 soldiers, a tiny fraction of the original forces, arrived in Acre.Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swabia carried on with the remnants of the army, with the aim of burying the Emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to conserve his body in vinegar failed.Hence, his flesh was interred in the Church of St.The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was codenamed Operation Barbarossa.Margrave William VI of Montferrat.She was betrothed to William II of Sicily but died before they could be married.She was betrothed to Emeric of Hungary but died before they could be married.Frederick Barbarossa in fiction
Umberto Eco's novel Baudolino (2000) is set partly at Frederick's court, and also deals with the mystery of Frederick's death.The computer game Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings has a campaign which follows Fredrick Barbarossa from the period of his struggles in Germany to his death on the Third Crusade.It is of note that Barbarossa never appears as an actual soldier in the game, though the objective of the final level (after his death) is to take a unit named "Emperor in a Barrel" to the Dome of The Rock in Jerusalem.The 1981 novel Little, Big by John Crowley has Frederick Barbarossa as a character in modern times, awoken from his centuries of sleep.Frederick is a character in the PC game Stronghold: Crusader.In The Thomas Crown Affair (1999 film), the title character is said to be in possession of "an ornament worn by Frederick Barbarossa at his coronation in 1152."See Mierow and Emery (1953) p.Charles Christopher Mierow with Richard Emery.New York: Columbia University Press, 1953.Friedrich Barbarossa, 1998
Reston, James.This page was last modified 03:08, 18 January 2008.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.Eastern Mobility
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