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Had H5N1 viruses been eradicated from Lao PDR, or had they survived in domestic waterfowl to which they were nonpathogenic, as Chen et al.In response to outbreaks of H5N1, prospective surveillance programs have been established in affected southeastern Asian countries.In southern China, systematic surveillance of poultry markets has been ongoing since July 2000 (7).Cambodia and Vietnam have also initiated surveillance programs, but little is known about the extent of the programs and their results.In Lao PDR since the outbreak in early 2004, surveillance programs have been limited to confirming the presence or absence of avian influenza.Given the frequency of H5N1 outbreaks in the region, a baseline for surveillance and determination of risk areas was essential.Therefore, in July 2005 we helped the Lao National Animal Health Centre establish a prospective surveillance program.Extensive virologic surveillance began in Lao PDR in July 2005.During 8 months, 8,592 samples were collected from healthy ducks, chickens, quail, and pigs at live markets in Vientiane, Champasak, and Savannakhet provinces, near the borders of Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia (Figure 1).The samples were injected into chicken or duck eggs, and allantoic fluid was harvested after 72 h and analyzed as described (9).As of January 2006, no evidence of any influenza virus subtypes had been detected in any species.In January 2006, serologic surveillance was initiated to clarify whether poultry in Lao PDR had been exposed to influenza viruses and recovered.The IDEXX FlockChek AIV (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.Westbrook, ME, USA) was used to initially screen for antibodies to influenza.Cloacal samples from 40 ducks at a duck farm in Vientiane tested negative for H5N1 virus in November 2005, but upon retesting in late February 2006, results for the same flock were positive for H5N1.DQ845348) was not closely related to the other viruses circulating in Southeast Asia during 2003 and 2004.This evidence suggests that the H5N1 virus had recently been introduced into Lao PDR; however, its direct source is unknown.Two months after the isolation of H5N1, 40 cloacal swabs and 28 serum samples were collected from ducks at the infected and surrounding farms.As highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses continue to spread into Eurasia, whether they will become endemic in Eurasian poultry or whether the highly pathogenic H5N1 will burn out and disappear with the possibility of reintroduction is unknown.We describe results from the first active surveillance study in Lao PDR since the 2004 outbreak.We extensively sampled live markets and local farms in Vientiane Capital and additionally sampled districts bordering Cambodia, China, Thailand, and Vietnam.Instead, the virus disappeared and was later replaced by a newly introduced virus.Although no measures were taken to eradicate the virus, the newly introduced H5N1 has since vanished from the area.This virus appears to have disappeared on its own in Lao PDR in the absence of vaccines and with limited surveillance, unlike what happened in the more densely populated Thailand, Vietnam, and China.In China, H5N1 continues to circulate in poultry despite ongoing surveillance and use of vaccines; heroic measures were required to eradicate H5N1 in Thailand, and since the use of vaccines in Vietnam in 2005, no more human cases have been reported.These findings are encouraging for the less densely populated, developing countries of Africa and Asia because they suggest that H5N1 viruses are not being perpetuated through wild migratory birds.We thank Kelly Jones and David Walker for excellent technical assistance, Amanda Ball for administrative assistance, and Sharon Naron for editorial assistance.This work was supported by Public Health Service Grant AI95357 and by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities.Tang X, Tian G, Zhao J, Zhou KY.Chinese Journal of Animal and Poultry Infectious Diseases.Continued circulation in China of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses encoding the hemagglutinin gene associated with the 1997 H5N1 outbreak in poultry and humans.Guan Y, Peiris JS, Lipatov AS, Ellis TM, Dyrting KC, Krauss S, et al.Emergence of multiple genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong SAR.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia.Chen H, Smith GJ, Li KS, Wang J, Fan XH, Rayner JM, et al.Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: implications for pandemic control.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.Highly pathogenic avian influenza HSN1, Thailand, 2004.Shortridge KF, Butterfield WK, Webster RG, Campbell CH.Isolation and characterization of influenza A viruses from avian species in Hong Kong.Palmer DF, Dowdle WR, Coleman MT, Schild GC.Advanced laboratory techniques for influenza diagnosis.Lethal avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in a pregnant woman in Anhui Province, China.Do hemagglutinin genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses constitute unique phylogenetic lineages?University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China Dr Boltz is postdoctoral research associate in the Division of Virology at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.The focus of his research is molecular pathogenesis of influenza.National Center for Infectious Diseases
This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group.For permission to reuse this article, contact Copyright Clearance Center.This code is somewhat order dependent: It should always appear BEFORE the include for the NewserStaticControl.From tonight all our prices have been reduced by almost a HALF!That means more music for your money.Don't miss this chance to download your favourite tracks for the LOWEST prices!Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) in July of 2005.H5N1 into Lao PDR after its
disappearance (i.Lao PDR since March 2004.H5N1 viruses into Lao PDR in early 2006.H5, H6, H7, and H9 influenza subtypes as described (10).Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia (Figure 2).Southeast Asia during 2003 and 2004.Lao PDR since the 2004 outbreak.H5N1 viruses are not endemic in Lao PDR.H5N1 viruses are not being perpetuated through wild migratory birds.Virology at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.Tang X, Tian G, Zhao J, Zhou KY.H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong SAR.Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJ, Xu KM, Duan L, et al.H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: implications for pandemic control.Shortridge KF, Butterfield WK, Webster RG, Campbell CH.Palmer DF, Dowdle WR, Coleman MT, Schild GC.Map of Lao People's Democratic Republic indicates regions (black areas) of influenza virus
surveillance...H5N1 influenza viruses in Lao People's Democratic Republic.Safer Healthier PeopleCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.
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