Saint Francis biography, Saint Francis discography
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and important information on intramural activities.Of his mother, Pica, little is known, but she is said to have belonged to a noble family of Provence.Francis was one of several children.At baptism the saint received the name of Giovanni, which his father afterwards altered to Francesco, through fondness it would seem for France, whither business had led him at the time of his son's birth.In any case, since the child was renamed in infancy, the change can hardly have had anything to do with his aptitude for learning French, as some have thought.Francis received some elementary instruction from the priests of St.George's at Assisi, though he learned more perhaps in the school of the Troubadours, who were just then making for refinement in Italy.Although associated with his father in trade, he showed little liking for a merchant's career, and his parents seemed to have indulged his every whim.No one loved pleasure more than Francis; he had a ready wit, sang merrily, delighted in fine clothes and showy display.Handsome, gay, gallant, and courteous, he soon became the prime favourite among the young nobles of Assisi, the foremost in every feat of arms, the leader of the civil revels, the very king of frolic.But even at this time Francis showed an instinctive sympathy with the poor, and though he spent money lavishly, it still flowed in such channels as to attest a princely magnanimity of spirit.The Assisians were defeated on this occasion, and Francis, being among those taken prisoners, was held captive for more than a year in Perugia."These", said a voice, "are for you and your soldiers."One day, while crossing the Umbrian plain on horseback, Francis unexpectedly drew near a poor leper.About the same time Francis made a pilgrimage to Rome.Peter, he emptied his purse thereon.Then, as if to put his fastidious nature to the test, he exchanged clothes with a tattered mendicant and stood for the rest of the day fasting among the horde of beggars at the door of the basilica.Taking this behest literally, as referring to the ruinous church wherein he knelt, Francis went to his father's shop, impulsively bundled together a load of coloured drapery, and mounting his horse hastened to Foligno, then a mart of some importance, and there sold both horse and stuff to procure the money needful for the restoration of St.When, however, the poor priest who officiated there refused to receive the gold thus gotten, Francis flung it from him disdainfully.The elder Bernardone, a most niggardly man, was incensed beyond measure at his son's conduct, and Francis, to avert his father's wrath, hid himself in a cave near St.Damian's for a whole month.When he emerged from this place of concealment and returned to the town, emaciated with hunger and squalid with dirt, Francis was followed by a hooting rabble, pelted with mud and stones, and otherwise mocked as a madman.Freed by his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at once to St.The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from St.This Francis was only too eager to do; he declared, however, that since he had entered the service of God he was no longer under civil jurisdiction.Then and there, as Dante sings, were solemnized Francis's nuptials with his beloved spouse, the Lady Poverty, under which name, in the mystical language afterwards so familiar to him, he comprehended the total surrender of all worldly goods, honours, and privileges.And now Francis wandered forth into the hills behind Assisi, improvising hymns of praise as he went.King", he declared in answer to some robbers, who thereupon despoiled him of all he had and threw him scornfully in a snow drift.Naked and half frozen, Francis crawled to a neighbouring monastery and there worked for a time as a scullion.Returning to Assisi, he traversed the city begging stones for the restoration of St.These he carried to the old chapel, set in place himself, and so at length rebuilt it.Mary of the Angels, in the plain below it, at a spot called the Porziuncola.On a certain morning in 1208, probably 24 February, Francis was hearing Mass in the chapel of St.In true spirit of religious enthusiasm, Francis repaired to the church of St."This shall be our rule of life", exclaimed Francis, and led his companions to the public square, where they forthwith gave away all their belongings to the poor.The little band divided and went about, two and two, making such an impression by their words and behaviour that before long several other disciples grouped themselves round Francis eager to share his poverty, among them being Sabatinus, vir bonus et justus, Moricus, who had belonged to the Crucigeri, John of Capella, who afterwards fell away, Philip "the Long", and four others of whom we know only the names.This first rule, as it is called, of the Friars Minor has not come down to us in its original form, but it appears to have been very short and simple, a mere adaptation of the Gospel precepts already selected by Francis for the guidance of his first companions, and which he desired to practice in all their perfection.It seems, however, that Guido, Bishop of Assisi, who was then in Rome, commended Francis to Cardinal John of St.About 1211 they obtained a permanent foothold near Assisi, through the generosity of the Benedictines of Monte Subasio, who gave them the little chapel of St.Adjoining this humble sanctuary, already dear to Francis, the first Franciscan convent was formed by the erection of a few small huts or cells of wattle, straw, and mud, and enclosed by a hedge.From this settlement, which became the cradle of the Franciscan Order (Caput et Mater Ordinis) and the central spot in the life of St.Francis, the Friars Minor went forth two by two exhorting the people of the surrounding country.The wide world was their cloister; sleeping in haylofts, grottos, or church porches, they toiled with the labourers in the fields, and when none gave them work they would beg.In a short while Francis and his companions gained an immense influence, and men of different grades of life and ways of thought flocked to the order.Juniper, "the renowned jester of the Lord".By his advice, Clare, who was then but eighteen, secretly left her father's house on the night following Palm Sunday, and with two companions went to the Porziuncola, where the friars met her in procession, carrying lighted torches.Then Francis, having cut off her hair, clothed her in the Minorite habit and thus received her to a life of poverty, penance, and seclusion.Clare stayed provisionally with some Benedictine nuns near Assisi, until Francis could provide a suitable retreat for her, and for St.Agnes, her sister, and the other pious maidens who had joined her.He eventually established them at St.Damian's, in a dwelling adjoining the chapel he had rebuilt with his own hands, which was now given to the saint by the Benedictines as domicile for his spiritual daughters, and which thus became the first monastery of the Second Franciscan Order of Poor Ladies, now known as Poor Clares.The following spring he devoted himself to evangelizing Central Italy.At one time, indeed, a strong desire to give himself wholly to a life of contemplation seems to have possessed the saint.During the next year (1214) Francis set out for Morocco, in another attempt to reach the infidels and, if needs be, to shed his blood for the Gospel, but while yet in Spain was overtaken by so severe an illness that he was compelled to turn back to Italy once more.Authentic details are unfortunately lacking of Francis's journey to Spain and sojourn there.After his return to Umbria he received several noble and learned men into his order, including his future biographer Thomas of Celano.The next eighteen months comprise, perhaps, the most obscure period of the saint's life.The salvation of souls was ever the burden of Francis's prayers, and wishing moreover, to make his beloved Porziuncola a sanctuary where many might be saved, he begged a plenary Indulgence for all who, having confessed their sins, should visit the little chapel.Francis thereupon set out for Perugia, with Brother Masseo, to find Honorius III.Indulgence, restricting it, however, to one day yearly.Such is the traditional account.This argumentum ex silentio has, however, been met by M.Paul Sabatier, who in his critical edition of the "Tractatus de Indulgentia" of Fra Bartholi has adduced all the really credible evidence in its favour.Tuscany, Lombardy, Provence, Spain, and Germany were assigned to five of Francis's principal followers; for himself the saint reserved France, and he actually set out for that kingdom, but on arriving at Florence, was dissuaded from going further by Cardinal Ugolino, who had been made protector of the order in 1216.Francis's memorable meeting with St.Allured by the magic spell of his presence, admiring crowds, unused for the rest to anything like popular preaching in the vernacular, followed Francis from place to place hanging on his lips; church bells rang at his approach; processions of clergy and people advanced to meet him with music and singing; they brought the sick to him to bless and heal, and kissed the very ground on which he trod, and even sought to cut away pieces of his tunic.The extraordinary enthusiasm with which the saint was everywhere welcomed was equalled only by the immediate and visible result of his preaching.His exhortations of the people, for sermons they can hardly be called, short, homely, affectionate, and pathetic, touched even the hardest and most frivolous, and Francis became in sooth a very conqueror of souls.They were not to carry arms, or take oaths, or engage in lawsuits, etc.It is also said that he drew up a formal rule for them, but it is clear that the rule, confirmed by Nicholas IV in 1289, does not, at least in the form in which it has come down to us, represent the original rule of the Brothers and Sisters of Penance.At the second general chapter (May, 1219) Francis, bent on realizing his project of evangelizing the infidels, assigned a separate mission to each of his foremost disciples, himself selecting the seat of war between the crusaders and the Saracens.Jean d'Acre, and he was present at the siege and taking of Damietta.To make matters worse, John of Capella, one of the saint's first companions, had assembled a large number of lepers, both men and women, with a view to forming them into a new religious order, and had set out for Rome to seek approval for the rule he had drawn up for these unfortunates.It had become evident that the simple, familiar, and unceremonious ways which had marked the Franciscan movement at its beginning were gradually disappearing, and that the heroic poverty practiced by Francis and his companions at the outset became less easy as the friars with amazing rapidity increased in number.Gregory IX, was deeply attached to Francis, whom he venerated as a saint and also, some writers tell us, managed as an enthusiast.At this famous assembly, held at Porziuncola at Whitsuntide, 1220 or 1221 (there is seemingly much room for doubt as to the exact date and number of the early chapters), about 5000 friars are said to have been present, besides some 500 applicants for admission to the order.Huts of wattle and mud afforded shelter for this multitude.It was on this occasion that Francis, harassed no doubt and disheartened at the tendency betrayed by a large number of the friars to relax the rigours of the rule, according to the promptings of human prudence, and feeling, perhaps unfitted for a place which now called largely for organizing abilities, relinquished his position as general of the order in favour of Peter of Cattaneo.Already, while passing through Bologna on his return from the East, Francis had refused to enter the convent there because he had heard it called the "House of the Friars" and because a studium had been instituted there.Yet strong and definite as the saint's convictions were, and determinedly as his line was taken, he was never a slave to a theory in regard to the observances of poverty or anything else; about him indeed, there was nothing narrow or fanatical.In 1221, so some writers tell us, Francis drew up a new rule for the Friars Minor.Rule of 1221 not as a new rule, but as the first one which Innocent had orally approved; not, indeed, its original form, which we do not possess, but with such additions and modifications as it has suffered during the course of twelve years.However this may be, the composition called by some the Rule of 1221 is very unlike any conventional rule ever made.It was too lengthy and unprecise to become a formal rule, and two years later Francis retired to Fonte Colombo, a hermitage near Rieti, and rewrote the rule in more compendious form.This revised draft he entrusted to Brother Elias, who not long after declared he had lost it through negligence.This Second Rule, as it is usually called or Regula Bullata of the Friars Minor, is the one ever since professed throughout the First Order of St.Francis (see RULE OF SAINT FRANCIS).Christmas appears indeed to have been the favourite feast of Francis, and he wished to persuade the emperor to make a special law that men should then provide well for the birds and the beasts, as well as for the poor, so that all might have occasion to rejoice in the Lord.Early in August, 1224, Francis retired with three companions to "that rugged rock 'twixt Tiber and Arno", as Dante called La Verna, there to keep a forty days fast in preparation for Michaelmas.The saint's right side is described as bearing on open wound which looked as if made by a lance, while through his hands and feet were black nails of flesh, the points of which were bent backward.For, condescending as the saint always was to the weaknesses of others, he was ever so unsparing towards himself that at the last he felt constrained to ask pardon of "Brother Ass", as he called his body, for having treated it so harshly.Meanwhile alarming dropsical symptoms had developed, and it was in a dying condition that Francis set out for Assisi.It was therefore under a strong guard that Francis, in July, 1226, was finally borne in safety to the bishop's palace in his native city amid the enthusiastic rejoicings of the entire populace.The saint's last days were passed at the Porziuncola in a tiny hut, near the chapel, that served as an infirmary.But Francis in his tender gratitude to this Roman noblewoman, made an exception in her favour, and "Brother Jacoba", as Francis had named her on account of her fortitude, remained to the last.On the eve of his death, the saint, in imitation of his Divine Master, had bread brought to him and broken.John, and then in faltering tones he himself intoned Psalm 141.At the concluding verse, "Bring my soul out of prison", Francis was led away from earth by "Sister Death", in whose praise he had shortly before added a new strophe to his "Canticle of the Sun".Clare and her companions might venerate the sacred stigmata now visible to all, and it was placed provisionally in the church of St.Francis was canonized at St.On that day following the pope laid the first stone of the great double church of St.Francis, erected in honour of the new saint, and thither on 25 May, 1230, Francis's remains were secretly transferred by Brother Elias and buried far down under the high altar in the lower church.This discovery of the saint's body is commemorated in the order by a special office on 12 December, and that of his translation by another on 25 May.His feast is kept throughout the Church on 4 October, and the impression of the stigmata on his body is celebrated on 17 September.It has been said with pardonable warmth that Francis entered into glory in his lifetime, and that he is the one saint whom all succeeding generations have agreed in canonizing.Few saints ever exhaled "the good odour of Christ" to such a degree as he.Other saints have seemed entirely dead to the world around them, but Francis was ever thoroughly in touch with the spirit of the age."Who are you", exclaimed Francis arising, "and why are dying?"Celano, "among sinners he was as one of themselves".Courtesy, indeed, in the saint's quaint concept, was the younger sister of charity and one of the qualities of God Himself, Who "of His courtesy", he declares, "gives His sun and His rain to the just and the unjust"."Whoever may come to us", he writes, "whether a friend or a foe, a thief or a robber, let him be kindly received", and the feast which he spread for the starving brigands in the forest at Monte Casale sufficed to show that "as he taught so he wrought".Francis's "gift of sympathy" seems to have been wider even than St.Paul's, for we find no evidence in the great Apostle of a love for nature or for animals."Dearly beloved," he once began a sermon following upon a severe illness, "I have to confess to God and you that during this Lent I have eaten cakes made with lard."For it was his singular study never to hide from men that which known to God.Another winning trait of Francis which inspires the deepest affection was his unswerving directness of purpose and unfaltering following after an ideal.Peace, therefore, became his watchword, and the pathetic reconciliation he effected in his last days between the Bishop and Potesta of Assisi is bit one instance out of many of his power to quell the storms of passion and restore tranquility to hearts torn asunder by civil strife.Hence it was not "from monastic stalls or with the careful irresponsibility of the enclosed student" that the saint and his followers addressed the people; "they dwelt among them and grappled with the evils of the system under which the people groaned".In this wise Francis bridged the chasm between an aristocratic clergy and the common people, and though he taught no new doctrine, he so far repopularized the old one given on the Mount that the Gospel took on a new life and called forth a new love.Such in briefest outline are some of the salient features which render the figure of Francis one of such supreme attraction that all manner of men feel themselves drawn towards him, with a sense of personal attachment.Few, however, of those who feel the charm of Francis's personality may follow the saint to his lonely height of rapt communion with God.The whole world was to him one luminous ladder, mounting upon the rungs of which he approached and beheld God.It is very misleading, however, to portray Francis as living "at a height where dogma ceases to exist", and still further from the truth to represent the trend of his teaching as one in which orthodoxy is made subservient to "humanitarianism".Few lives have been more wholly imbued with the supernatural, as even Renan admits.Francis's love of creatures was not simply the offspring of a soft or sentimental disposition; it arose rather from that deep and abiding sense of the presence of God, which underlay all he said and did.None witnessed Francis's hidden struggles, his long agonies of tears, or his secret wrestlings in prayer.Nor were temptations or other weakening maladies of the soul wanting to the saint at any time.Humility was, no doubt, the saint's ruling virtue.Later on, the saint, with as clear as a sense of his message as any prophet ever had, yielded ungrudging submission to what constituted ecclesiastical authority.No reformer, moreover, was ever, less aggressive than Francis.His apostolate embodied the very noblest spirit of reform; he strove to correct abuses by holding up an ideal.The others he left alone.And thus, without strife or schism, God's Poor Little Man of Assisi became the means of renewing the youth of the Church and of imitating the most potent and popular religious movement since the beginnings of Christianity.That the Third Order of St.Christianizing medieval society is a matter of history.Francis sought first the Kingdom of God and His justice, many other things were added unto him.And his own exquisite Franciscan spirit, as it is called, passing out into the wide world, became an abiding source of inspiration.Francis must surely be reckoned among those to whom the world of art and letters is deeply indebted.He was, indeed, too little versed in the laws of composition to advance far in that direction.Italy, he is said to have borne a part in the revival of the drama.No sooner, indeed did Francis's figure make an appearance in art than it became at once a favourite subject, especially with the mystical Umbrian School.So true is this that it has been said we might by following his familiar figure "construct a history of Christian art, from the predecessors of Cimabue down to Guido Reni, Rubens, and Van Dyck".Probably the oldest likeness of Francis that has come down to us is that preserved in the Sacro Speco at Subiaco.It is said that it was painted by a Benedictine monk during the saint's visit there, which may have been in 1218.Francis given by Celano (Vita Prima, c.Of less than middle height, we are told, and frail in form, Francis had a long yet cheerful face and soft but strong voice, small brilliant black eyes, dark brown hair, and a sparse beard.The literary materials for the history of St.There are indeed few if any medieval lives more thoroughly documented.We have in the first place the saint's own writings.These are not voluminous and were never written with a view to setting forth his ideas systematically, yet they bear the stamp of his personality and are marked by the same unvarying features of his preaching.Lord" seemed to him all sufficing, and these he repeats again and again, adapting them to the needs of the different persons whom he addresses.Not all the saint's writings have come down to us, and not a few of these formerly attributed to him are now with greater likelihood ascribed to others.In addition to the saint's writings the sources of the history of Francis include a number of early papal bulls and some other diplomatic documents, as they are called, bearing upon his life and work.Then come the biographies properly so called.Thomas of Celano, one of Francis's followers; a joint narrative of his life compiled by Leo, Rufinus, and Angelus, intimate companions of the saint, in 1246; and the celebrated legend of St.Recent years have witnessed a truly remarkable upgrowth of interest in the life and work of St.Catholics, and Assisi has become in consequence the goal of a new race of pilgrims.This interest, for the most part literary and academic, is centered mainly in the study of the primitive documents relating to the saint's history and the beginnings of the Franciscan Order.French Academy and place upon the Index.It must suffice, moreover, to indicate only some of the chief works on the life of St.Francis have been published in "Opuscula S.Robinson, "The Writings of St.Francis of Assisi" (Philadelphia, 1906).About this page
APA citation.New York: Robert Appleton Company.New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909.Farley, Archbishop of New York.My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.The Saint Francis grad led San Jose State in batting with a .The homeroom projects have concluded, and 12 organizations will receive the funds that students have raised.In 1182, Pietro Bernardone returned from a trip to France to find out his wife had given birth to a son.Far from being excited or apologetic because he'd been gone, Pietro was furious because she'd had his new son baptized Giovanni after John the Baptist.Francis enjoyed a very rich easy life growing up because of his father's wealth and the permissiveness of the times.He was constantly happy, charming, and a born leader.If he was picky, people excused him.If he was ill, people took care of him.In many ways he was too easy to like for his own good.No one tried to control him or teach him.As he grew up, Francis became the leader of a crowd of young people who spent their nights in wild parties.And despite his dreaming, Francis was also good at business.Battle was the best place to win the glory and prestige he longed for.Most of the troops from Assisi were butchered in the fight.Only those wealthy enough to expect to be ransomed were taken prisoner.At last Francis was among the nobility like he always wanted to be...All accounts say that he never lost his happy manner in that horrible place.Finally, after a year in the dungeon, he was ransomed.He gave himself to partying with as much joy and abandon as he had before the battle.The experience didn't change what he wanted from life either: Glory.Finally a call for knights for the Fourth Crusade gave him a chance for his dream.And not just any suit of armor would do but one decorated with gold with a magnificent cloak.Any relief we feel in hearing that Francis gave the cloak to a poor knight will be destroyed by the boasts that Francis left behind that he would return a prince.But Francis never got farther than one day's ride from Assisi.Francis' conversion did not happen over night.He went off to a cave and wept for his sins.There was a business to run, customers to wait on.One day while riding through the countryside, Francis, the man who loved beauty, who was so picky about food, who hated deformity, came face to face with a leper.Repelled by the appearance and the smell of the leper, Francis nevertheless jumped down from his horse and kissed the hand of the leper.When his kiss of peace was returned, Francis was filled with joy.He always looked upon it as a test from God...His search for conversion led him to the ancient church at San Damiano.Acting again in his impetuous way, he took fabric from his father's shop and sold it to get money to repair the church.Pietro dragged Francis before the bishop and in front of the whole town demanded that Francis return the money and renounce all rights as his heir.The bishop was very kind to Francis; he told him to return the money and said God would provide.That was all Francis needed to hear.In front of the crowd that had gathered he said, "Pietro Bernardone is no longer my father.From now on I can say with complete freedom, 'Our Father who art in heaven.And when robbers beat him later and took his clothes, he climbed out of the ditch and went off singing again.From then on Francis had nothing...Scandal and avarice were working on the Church from the inside while outside heresies flourished by appealing to those longing for something different or adventurous.He was never a priest, though he was later ordained a deacon under his protest.Francis must have known about the decay in the Church, but he always showed the Church and its people his utmost respect.Slowly companions came to Francis, people who wanted to follow his life of sleeping in the open, begging for garbage to eat...With companions, Francis knew he now had to have some kind of direction to this life so he opened the Bible in three places.He read the command to the rich young man to sell all his good and give to the poor, the order to the apostles to take nothing on their journey, and the demand to take up the cross daily.Francis took these commands so literally that he made one brother run after the thief who stole his hood and offer him his robe!His companions came from all walks of life, from fields and towns, nobility and common people, universities, the Church, and the merchant class.Francis' brotherhood included all of God's creation.Much has been written about Francis' love of nature but his relationship was deeper than that.We call someone a lover of nature if they spend their free time in the woods or admire its beauty.But Francis really felt that nature, all God's creations, were part of his brotherhood.Another famous story involves a wolf that had been eating human beings.People even ran from them for fear they'd catch this strange madness!Francis did not try to abolish poverty, he tried to make it holy.They worked for all necessities and only begged if they had to.But Francis would not let them accept any money.When the bishop showed horror at the friars' hard life, Francis said, "If we had any possessions we should need weapons and laws to defend them."Also, Francis reasoned, what could you do to a man who owns nothing?You can't starve a fasting man, you can't steal from someone who has no money, you can't ruin someone who hates prestige.His simplicity of life extended to ideas and deeds.If there was a simple way, no matter how impossible it seemed, Francis would take it.You can imagine what the pope thought when this beggar approached him!But when he had a dream that this tiny man in rags held up the tilting Lateran basilica, he quickly called Francis back and gave him permission to preach.Sometimes this direct approach led to mistakes that he corrected with the same spontaneity that he made them.Once he was so sick and exhausted, his companions borrowed a mule for him to ride.When he and his companion were captured, the real miracle was that they weren't killed.When he returned to Italy, he came back to a brotherhood that had grown to 5000 in ten years.His dream of radical poverty was too harsh, people said.Francis responded, "Lord, didn't I tell you they wouldn't trust you?"Now he was just another brother, like he'd always wanted.Francis' final years were filled with suffering as well as humiliation.When he began to go blind, the pope ordered that his eyes be operated on.This meant cauterizing his face with a hot iron.Francis spoke to "Brother Fire": "Brother Fire, the Most High has made you strong and beautiful and useful.Be courteous to me now in this hour, for I have always loved you, and temper your heat so that I can endure it."How did Francis respond to blindness and suffering?That was when he wrote his beautiful Canticle of the Sun that expresses his brotherhood with creation in praising God.He died on October 4, 1226 at the age of 45.Buy Specialty Items on St.Franciscan rosaries, framed artCLICK HERE!Comments that include profanity, or personal attacks, or antisocial behavior such as "spamming" or "trolling," or other inappropriate comments or material will not be posted on Catholic Online.Was this helpful to you?Time for a New Catholic ActionA Different Outcry over Fr.Learn from the experts how suffering and spiritual aridity really fit into Christian spiritual growth.His feast day is
October 4.The October 2007 issue of St.Anthony Messenger is a special issue exploring the many connections between Franciscan spirituality and our stewardship of the Earth.Join us in our 12th year online!Convinced that violence and war were wrong, St.Francis believed in peaceful dialogue with all our brothers and sisters.Francis of Assisi experienced all of God's creation as sacred.How Is Your Pet a Sign of God's Love?Francis and Clare in Poetry: An Anthology
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