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s_omni.Codification process
2 Legal status
3 Uncodified statutes
4 Organization
5 Versions and history
5.Codification process
The official text of an Act of Congress is that of the "enrolled bill" (traditionally printed on parchment) presented to the President for his signature or disapproval.Upon enactment of a law, the original bill is delivered to the Archivist of the United States, and duplicate copies are issued in pamphlet form as "slip laws" by the Government Printing Office (GPO).The United States Code is the result of an effort to make finding relevant and effective statutes simpler by reorganizing them by subject matter, and eliminating expired and amended sections.The Code is maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC) of the U.The LRC determines which statutes in the United States Statutes at Large should be codified, and which existing statutes are affected by amendments or repeals, or have simply expired by their own terms.The LRC updates the Code accordingly.Hartley Act, or the Embargo Act) may or may not appear in a single place in the Code.Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem; those provisions often fall in different logical areas of the Code.For example, a bill providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7 (Agriculture), Title 26 (Tax), and Title 43 (Public Lands).When the bill is codified, its various provisions might well be placed in different parts of those various Titles.Usually the individual sections of a statute are incorporated into the Code exactly as enacted; however, sometimes editorial changes are made by the LRC (for instance, the phrase "the date of enactment of this Act" is replaced by the actual date).The Statutes at Large remains the ultimate authority.This distinction, however, is largely academic, due to the Code nearly always being accurate, and it is routinely cited to by even the Supreme Court without mentioning this theoretical caveat.In addition, the LRC continues the process of revising, updating, and restating the existing body of statutory law in codified form, and as it completes particular areas of the law it proposes to enact those titles of the Code as "positive law".Not all titles use the same series of subdivisions above the section level, and they may arrange them in different order.Put another way, the Title is always the largest division of the Code, and the section the smallest (except for subsections, paragraphs, clauses, etc.The word "title" in this context is roughly akin to a printed "volume," although many of the larger titles span multiple volumes.When sections are repealed, their text is deleted and replaced by a note summarizing what used to be there.As a result, some portions of the Code consist entirely of empty chapters full of historical notes.This contains historical notes relating to the Chinese Exclusion Act, which is no longer in effect.Early compilations
Early efforts at codifying the Acts of Congress were undertaken by private publishers; these were useful shortcuts for research purposes, but had no official status.Congress undertook an official codification called the Revised Statutes approved June 22, 1874, for the laws in effect as of December 1, 1873.According to the preface to the Code, "From 1897 to 1907 a commission was engaged in an effort to codify the great mass of accumulating legislation.The first edition of the Code was contained in a single bound volume; today, it spans several large volumes.Both the LRC and the GPO offer electronic versions of the Code to the public.The electronic version may be as much as 18 months behind current legislation, but it is the most up to date official version.Annotated codes
Practicing lawyers who can afford them almost always use an annotated version of the U.United States Code Service, abbreviated as U.When an attorney is viewing an annotated code on an online service, such as Westlaw, all the citations in the annotations are hyperlinked to the referenced opinions and documents.These regulations are published chronologically in the Federal Register and are then compiled by topic or subject matter in the Code of Federal Regulations (C."Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman."Title 11 is the Bankruptcy Code.Title 18 deals with federal crimes.Title 26 is also known as the Internal Revenue Code.Much of Title 26 is administered and enforced by the Internal Revenue Service and is one of the largest portions of the Code.Title 42 is a lengthy title which includes statutes governing several large federal government programs like Social Security and Medicare.Civil Rights Act of 1871.Titles
Titles that have been enacted into positive law are indicated by blue shading below.Title 6
(original)
Surety Bonds (repealed)
(Combined into Title 31 when it was enacted into positive law.For example, the Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2006, Pub.Division A, Title X the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 ("DTA").The DTA set out, among other things, permanent provisions governing standards for interrogation of persons in Defense Department custody, prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishment, and procedures for status review of extraterritorial detainees.Notably, DTA section 1002 was printed as a note to 10 U.DTA section 1005(e)(1) codified a new subsection (e) of 28 U.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.Documents are available only as ASCII text files.Browse the 2000 Edition of the U.
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