| Vagus Nerve Mp3, Vagus Nerve Music Lyrics
| |
Vagus Nerve biography, Vagus Nerve discography
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy and clinical depression.VNS uses a stimulator that sends electric impulses to the left vagus nerve in the neck via a lead implanted under the skin.Other "wearable" devices are being tested and developed by other companies that involve transcutaneous stimulation and do not require irreversible surgery, damage to the vagus nerve and its surrounding tissue.The surgeon then wraps the leads around the left branch of the vagus nerve, and connects the electrodes to the generator.Once successfully implanted, the generator sends electric impulses to the vagus nerve at regular intervals.The left vagus nerve is stimulated rather than the right because the right plays a role in cardiac function such that stimulating it could have negative cardiac effects.The exact method of therapeutic action is unknown, but VNS has been shown to affect blood flow to different parts of the brain, and affect neurotransmitters including Serotonin and Norepinephrine which are implicated in depression.Some patients experience an alteration of voice quality and loudness during the time that the pulse is being delivered to the vagus nerve.Other common side effects include hoarseness, throat pain, cough, Dyspnea and Paresthesia.John Rush, vice chairman for research in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, results of the VNS pilot study showed that 40 percent of the treated patients displayed at least a 50 percent or greater improvement in their condition, according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.In the only randomized controlled trial VNS failed to perform any better when turned on than in otherwise similar implanted patients whose device was not turned on."Letters from the Medical Professionals".Out of the Black Hole: The Patient's Guide to Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Depression.Other brain stimulation techniques used to treat depression include Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) and Cranial electrotherapy stimulation(CES).Deep brain stimulation is currently under study as a treatment for depression.Transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) is under study as a therapy for both depression and epilepsy.Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (TNS) is being researched at UCLA as a treatment for epilepsy.Emerging Technologies: Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression.IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine.Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A New Tool for Brain Research and Therapy.Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Review of its Applications and Potential Mechanisms Yhat Mediate its Clinical Effects.Designed as External or Implant Device".Out of the Black Hole: The Patient's Guide to Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Depression.Publisher's website for Out of the Black Hole.This page was last modified on 12 December 2007, at 18:39.The vagus nerve is the longest of the cranial nerve.True to its name the vagus nerve wanders from the brain stem through organs in the neck, thorax and abdomen.The nerve exits the brain stem through rootlets in the medulla that are caudal to the rootlets for the ninth cranial nerve.The rootlets form the tenth cranial nerve and exit the cranium via the jugular foramen.Similar to the ninth cranial nerve there are two sensory ganglia associated with the vagus nerve.They are the superior and inferior vagal ganglia.The branchial motor component of the vagus nerve originates in the medulla in the nucleus ambiguus.The nucleus ambiguus contributes to the vagus nerve as three major branches which leave the nerve distal to the jugular foramen.The pharyngeal branch travels between the internal and external carotid arteries and enters the pharynx at the upper border of the middle constrictor muscle.It supplies the all the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate except the stylopharyngeas and tensor palati.The superior laryngeal nerve branches distal to the pharyngeal branch and descends lateral to the pharynx.It divides into an internal and external branch.The external branch travel to the cricothyroid muscle which it supplies.The third branch is the recurrent branch of the vagus nerve and it travels a different path on the left and right sides of the body.The left recurrent branch leaves the vagus nerve on the aortic arch and loops posterior to the arch to ascend through the superior mediastinum.Both recurrent branches enter the larynx below the inferior constrictor and supply intrinsic muscles of larynx excluding the cricothyroid.The visceromotor or parasympathetic component of the vagus nerve originates from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the dorsal medulla.These cells give rise to axons that travel in the vagus nerve.The visceromotor part of the vagus innervates ganglionic neurons which are located in or adjacent to each target organ.In the thorax branches go to the lungs for bronchoconstriction, the esophagus for peristalsis and the heart for slowing of heart rate.Nerves in the abdomen and thorax join the left and right vagus nerves to ascend beside the left and right common carotid arteries.Sensation from the mucous membranes of the epiglottis, base of the tongue, aryepiglottic folds and the upper larynx travel via the internal laryngeal nerve.Sensation from the larynx travels via the recurrent laryngeal and internal branches of the vagus to reach the inferior vagal ganglion.Sensory nerve fibers from the skin and tympanic membrane travel with auricular branch of the vagus to reach the superior vagal ganglion.The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve.Complete interruption of the vagus nerve causes a characteristic syndrome.The back part of the palate (the soft palate) droops on that side.The voice is hoarse and nasal.The vocal cord on the affected side is immobile.The result is dysphagia and dysphonia (trouble swallowing and trouble speaking).One of the best known branches of the vagus nerve is the recurrent laryngeal nerve.After leaving the vagus nerve, the recurrent laryngeal nerve goes down into the chest and then loops back up to supply the larynx (the voice box).The consequence is laryngeal palsy, paralysis of the larynx (the voice box), on the affected side.Laryngeal palsy can also be caused by damage to the vagus nerve before it gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve.The term "vagus" (Latin for "wandering") is apt because the vagus nerve wanders all the way down from the brainstem to the colon, a long wandering way.Information on vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and how it is used to treat epilepsy.Get information on the types of pediatric epilepsy surgery and the symptoms, treatment, and causes of childhood epilepsy.MedicineNet provides reliable doctor produced health and medical information.Many people experience dizzy spells, but how much is too much?Learn when dizzy equals danger.Harvard Classics
American Essays
Einstein's Relativity
Grant, U.Pneumogastric Nerve)The vagus nerve (Figs.The vagus is attached by eight or ten filaments to the medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and the inferior peduncle, below the glossopharyngeal.The sensory fibers arise from the cells of the jugular ganglion and ganglion nodosum of the nerve, and, when traced into the medulla oblongata mostly end by arborizing around the cells of the inferior part of a nucleus which lies beneath the ala cinerea in the lower part of the rhomboid fossa.The somatic motor fibers arise from the cells of the nucleus ambiguus, already referred to in connection with the motor root of the glossopharyngeal nerve.The sympathetic efferent fibers, distributed probably as preganglionic fibers to the thoracic and abdominal viscera, i.The filaments of the nerve unite, and form a flat cord, which passes beneath the flocculus to the jugular foramen, through which it leaves the cranium.The vagus nerve passes vertically down the neck within the carotid sheath, lying between the internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery as far as the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, and then between the same vein and the common carotid artery to the root of the neck.It crosses the left side of the arch of the aorta, and descends behind the root of the left lung, forming there the posterior pulmonary plexus.The Jugular Ganglion (ganglion jugulare; ganglion of the root) is of a grayish color, spherical in form, about 4 mm.This ganglion is connected by several delicate filaments to the cranial portion of the accessory nerve; it also communicates by a twig with the petrous ganglion of the glossopharyngeal, with the facial nerve by means of its auricular branch, and with the sympathetic by means of an ascending filament from the superior cervical ganglion.Passing through it is the cranial portion of the accessory nerve, which blends with the vagus below the ganglion.The Meningeal Branch (ramus meningeus; dural branch) is a recurrent filament given off from the jugular ganglion; it is distributed to the dura mater in the posterior fossa of the base of the skull.The Auricular Branch (ramus auricularis; nerve of Arnold) arises from the jugular ganglion, and is joined soon after its origin by a filament from the petrous ganglion of the glossopharyngeal; it passes behind the internal jugular vein, and enters the mastoid canaliculus on the lateral wall of the jugular fossa.The nerve reaches the surface by passing through the tympanomastoid fissure between the mastoid process and the tympanic part of the temporal bone, and divides into two branches: one joins the posterior auricular nerve, the other is distributed to the skin of the back of the auricula and to the posterior part of the external acoustic meatus.It passes across the internal carotid artery to the upper border of the Constrictor pharyngis medius, where it divides into numerous filaments, which join with branches from the glossopharyngeal, sympathetic, and external laryngeal to form the pharyngeal plexus.From the plexus, branches are distributed to the muscles and mucous membrane of the pharynx and the muscles of the soft palate, except the Tensor veli palatini.It descends, by the side of the pharynx, behind the internal carotid artery, and divides into two branches, external and internal.The external branch (ramus externus), the smaller, descends on the larynx, beneath the Sternothyreoideus, to supply the Cricothyreoideus.The internal branch (ramus internus) descends to the hyothyroid membrane, pierces it in company with the superior laryngeal artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the larynx.As it ascends in the neck it gives off branches, more numerous on the left than on the right side, to the mucous membrane and muscular coat of the esophagus; branches to the mucous membrane and muscular fibers of the trachea; and some pharyngeal filaments to the Constrictor pharyngis inferior.The Superior Cardiac Branches (rami cardiaci superiores; cervical cardiac branches), two or three in number, arise from the vagus, at the upper and lower parts of the neck.The Inferior Cardiac Branches (rami cardiaci inferiores; thoracic cardiac branches), on the right side, arise from the trunk of the vagus as it lies by the side of the trachea, and from its recurrent nerve; on the left side from the recurrent nerve only; passing inward, they end in the deep part of the cardiac plexus.The Anterior Bronchial Branches (rami bronchiales anteriores; anterior or ventral pulmonary branches), two or three in number, and of small size, are distributed on the anterior surface of the root of the lung.They join with filaments from the sympathetic, and form the anterior pulmonary plexus.Before vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) became available, the only nonpharmacologic treatment option for refractory epilepsy was surgery.However, not all patients with medically refractory epilepsy are candidates for surgery.In 1938, Bailey and Bremer reported that vagal stimulation causes EEG changes.By stimulating the proximal end of the cut cervical vagus nerve, they identified evoked responses in the ventroposterior complex and intralaminar regions of the thalamus.Thus, for many years investigators have known the effects of vagal stimulation in the brain.In 1985, Zabara reported the effects of VNS on seizure control in animal studies.In 1988, Penry, Wilder, Ramsay, and colleagues performed the first implant of a vagal stimulating device into a human.Adverse effects were limited to hoarseness and tingling in the neck when the vagus nerve was stimulated.Other controlled studies were performed, including the pivotal E05.To date, probably more than 8000 people have been treated with VNS.The precise mode of action of VNS, like that of the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), is not known.Investigators have suggested that VNS increases seizure threshold by causing widespread release of GABA and glycine in the brain.In 1993, McLachlan posited that VNS decreased cortical epileptiform activity indirectly by influencing the reticular activating system.Henry et al reported that VNS causes measurable changes in cerebral blood flow in the cerebellum, thalamus, and cortex and may activate inhibitory structures in the brain.The lead is attached to the left vagus nerve (midcervical portion) and delivers a biphasic current that continuously cycles between on and off periods.In the United States, the generator is set to 0 mA for the first 2 postoperative weeks, followed by an increase in the output current.Some centers initiate stimulation the day after implantation.All children but 5 were monitored for 12 months to more than 18 months.Electrical stimuli of no more than 14 V are delivered to the vagus nerve.The stimulation frequency that is used generally has not produced any tissue damage.Continuously holding the magnet over the generator turns off the stimulation.The NCP device is not affected by microwave transmission, cellular phones, or airport security systems.Many questions remain unanswered, however, and a lot of work needs to be done.For excellent patient education resources, visit eMedicine's Brain and Nervous System Center.Also, see eMedicine's patient education article Epilepsy.The NeuroCybernetic Prosthesis (NCP) in place in the left chest wall.The NeuroCybernetic Prosthesis (NCP) generator, with the leads that are wrapped around the left vagus nerve.Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1.Thalamic, cortical and cerebellar projections of vagal visceral afferences.Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 3.Brain blood flow alterations induced by therapeutic vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy: I.Unexpected places: how did vagus nerve stimulation become a treatment for epilepsy?Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 2.Discover how it works and understand the pros and cons.Depression is usually a very treatable condition.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a type of brain stimulation called vagus nerve stimulation for certain types of depression.The vagus nerve serves as a primary communication pathway between your brain and such major organs as your heart, lungs and intestines.There's one vagus nerve on each side of your body.The nerve runs from your brainstem through your neck and down to your chest and abdomen.Vagus nerve stimulation uses electrical impulses to affect mood centers in the brain by stimulating the vagus nerve.The treatment is sometimes called vagal nerve stimulation.With vagus nerve stimulation, a device called a pulse generator is surgically implanted in the upper left side of your chest.The lead wire is guided under your skin from your chest up to your neck, where it's attached to the left vagus nerve.Electrical signals travel from the pulse generator, through the lead wire and to the vagus nerve.The vagus nerve delivers those signals to the brain.But precisely how stimulation of the vagus nerve may improve depression remains unknown.Research indicates that vagus nerve stimulation alters the functioning of brain areas involved in mood regulation and depression.The device is meant to be a permanent implant.It runs on battery power.The stimulation doesn't typically cause any sensations in your body.Vagus nerve stimulation may not be appropriate for all cases of depression.The approval of vagus nerve stimulation for depression didn't come without controversy, though.Not all scientific studies have shown that vagus nerve stimulation is an effective treatment for depression.Vagus nerve stimulation may cause harmful side effects.In addition, the device and the stimulation may cause unwanted or harmful side effects.You may then require additional surgery to fix or remove the device.If necessary, you can deactivate the pulse generator temporarily.On the other hand, vagus nerve stimulation doesn't have the side effects that are typical of antidepressants.Interest in stimulating the brain to treat depression has grown in recent years.Because vagus nerve stimulation and certain other forms of brain stimulation are so new in depression treatment, you must carefully consider the pros and cons of these kinds of treatments.However, if your depression is severe and long lasting, vagus nerve stimulation may be an option to discuss with your health care team.Alternate HTML content should be placed here.
|
| |
|
 |
|
