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Yersinia Pestis biography, Yersinia Pestis discography
For information about the medieval European plague, see Black Death.Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Pasteurella pestis).Yersinia pestis can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them.As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can hemorrhage and become necrotic.The bubonic plague was the first step of the ongoing plague.The plague causes fever and a painful swelling of the lymph glands called buboes, which is how it gets its name.Other symptoms include spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black, heavy breathing, continuous blood vomiting, aching limbs and terrible pain.Treatment
In the modern era, several classes of antibiotics are effective in treating bubonic plague.These include the aminoglycosides streptomycin and gentamicin, the tetracyclines tetracycline and doxycycline and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin.New York, NY: Oxford University Press.New York, NY: New York University Press.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.This infectious disease article is a stub.This page was last modified on 20 November 2008, at 21:48.All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.Asia, Africa, and South America.They are usually associated
with infected rats and rat fleas that live in the home.Africa, Asia, and South America (see map).Colliers L, Balows A, Sussman M, Hausles WJ, eds.General Goal: To know the cause of this disease,
the most common modes of transmission, the major manifestations, and the major
complications of this disease.Reading: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY by P.Virulence Role of V antigen
of Yersinia pestis at the bacterial surface.Plague or black death is an infection of rodents
caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentially transmitted to
humans by the bite of infected fleas.It is also on the list of possible agents that could be
used by terrorists.Especially since transmission by aerosols results in a very
deadly form of this disease that then can spread from person to person.Urban cycle: an explosive pandemic disease with high
mortality killing 100 million in the 6th century and 25 million in the
14th century.Human to human transmission: By droplets (pneumonic)
or by fleas.Pneumonic plague has not been
reported in the U.Sylvatic cycle: almost all cases of plague since
1925.Plague is endemic in the U.PATHOGENESISYersinia pestis is primarily a rodent pathogen,
with humans being an accidental host when bitten by an infected rat flea.These organisms multiply in the flea and block the flea's proventriculus.The macrophages are unable to kill
Y.Within hours of the initial flea bite, the infection
spills out into the bloodstream, leading to involvement of the liver, spleen,
and lungs.The patient develops a severe bacterial pneumonia, exhaling
large numbers of viable organisms into the air during coughing fits.YV or pCD1) encodes the Yop
(Yersinia Outer membrane Proteins) virulon and a type III secretion apparatus
called Ysc or Yersinia SeCretion.There are 29 different Ysc proteins which assemble to form
a pore in the inner and outer membrane of the bacteria.Once the bacterium
makes contact with a eukaryotic cell certain translocator Yops will form
a pore in the eukaryotic cell.There are at least 6 different effector
Yops which when transported into the eukaryotic cells inhibit phagocytosis,
inflammation, and induce apoptosis of macrophages.This plasmid also encodes the
V antigen that appears to also be involved in the type III secretion apparatus.Virulence is enhanced by another 9.Pst
or pPCP1) that encodes the outer membrane protein plasminogen activator (Pla).Pla is a protease that interferes with blood coagulation and complement
activation pathways.Some believe the capsule enhances resistance to phagocytosis
by monocytes.Death: The patient usually dies of endotoxic
shock.General malaise
High fever (hyperpyrexia)
Pain or tenderness at the regional lymph nodes,
which may enlarge to be called buboes (pic
2).DIC
Convulsions
Shock
Diffuse, hemorrhagic changes in the skin plus
cyanosis from the necrotizing pneumonia produce the dark skin at the extremities
giving rise to the term "black death."Send smears to a reference lab for fluorescent
antibody microscopy.Yersinia pestis poses a serious infectious
hazard for nursing and laboratory personnel.Protective clothing and a
full face respirator should always be worn when working with this organism.Isolate patients in case pneumonia develops.So far experiments in murine
models of plague infection have show great promise (Jarrett
CO, Sebbane F, Adamovicz JJ, Andrews GP, Hinnebusch BJ.The complete chromosome sequence and annotation in Artemis format.The complete pMT1 sequence and annotation in Artemis format.The complete pCD1 sequence and annotation in Artemis format.The complete pPCP1 sequence and annotation in Artemis format.The chromosome sequence is 4,653,728 bp in length with a G+C
content of 47.Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague.This project was funded by The Wellcome Trust through its Beowulf Genomics Initaitive.Animals that are known to carry the bacteria include rats, prairie dogs, and fleas.Approximately 10 to 20 people in the United States develop an infection each year from flea or rodent bites.Yersinia pestis are the bacteria that cause plague.Yersinia pestis was formerly classified in the Pasteurellaceae family, but based on its similarities to Escherichia coli (E.Yersinia group has been reclassified as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is the closest genetic relative to Yersinia pestis, but it can be distinguished from Yersinia pestis by the symptoms it causes and by laboratory test results.Neither of these bacteria frequently infect humans, in contrast to Yersinia enterocolitica, which accounts for 1 to 3 percent of diarrhea cases caused by bacteria.Deer mice and voles (field mice) are thought to maintain Yersinia pestis in animal populations, but are less important as sources of human infection.How Long Can It Survive?During an outbreak, Yersinia pestis are able to survive for several months in cool, moist conditions, such as the soil of a rodent hole.Between outbreaks, the bacteria is believed to circulate within populations of certain species of rodents without causing excessive death.How Common Is Yersinia Pestis?About one in seven of those infected die as a result.Worldwide, there have been small outbreaks in Asia, Africa, and South America.Yersinia pestis infections occur more frequently during spring and summer months, especially in males and people under the age of 20.Although the United States does not currently expect a plague attack, it is possible that pneumonic plague could be transmitted through an aerosol distribution.The Yersinia pestis bacterium is widely available in microbiology banks around the world, and thousands of scientists have worked with it, making a biological attack a serious concern."How Long Can It Survive?""How Common Is Yersinia Pestis?"Is the Plague a Health Problem Today?Terms of Use for more information.Attribute("title", "What Caused the Plague?"GENERAL CONCEPTS:
The organism Yersinia pestis is responsible for the plague, a disease that has an extremely important place in human history.During the 6th century AD, the plague ravaged the known world over a 50 year period causing 100 million deaths.Like other Enterobacteriaceae, their metabolism is fermentative.Sylvatic plague exists in wild rodent populations.Two distinct forms of plague occur in human populations:
Bubonic plague occurs within a week of being bitten by an infected flea.F1 antigen and the VW antigens.Humans acquire disease via ingestion of contaminated food or water.CONTROL:
Sanitary: Control of rat populations concurrent with elimination of their fleas prevents spread of the plague to humans.Chemotherapeutic: Treatment of the plague must be rapid and aggressive.Improved hygiene and readily available antibiotics keep this bad boy at bay.Find out more about the good old days.
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